Ancient Rome: Republic, Empire, Stoicism & Monuments

Apollo 11 Moon Landing 1969 First human landing on the Moon achieved by NASA in July 1969. Augustus 63 BC – 14 AD First Roman emperor, who ended a century of civil war and gave the empire two centuries of peace. Battle of Actium (31 BC) 31 BC Naval victory of Octavian over Mark Antony and Cleopatra that cleared his path to becoming Rome's first emperor. Battle of Cannae 216 BC Hannibal’s double envelopment annihilated a far larger Roman army — the textbook encirclement ever since. Byzantine Empire 330 AD – 1453 AD Continuation of the Roman Empire in its eastern provinces during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages. Charlemagne 748 – 814 King of the Franks crowned first Holy Roman Emperor in 800 AD, uniting much of Western Europe. Classical Antiquity 8th c. BC – 476 AD The Greco-Roman centuries whose philosophy, politics, and art became Europe’s permanent reference point. Cleopatra VII 69 BC – 30 BC Last active ruler of the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt, allied with Rome through Caesar and Antony. Constantine the Great c. 272 – 337 The emperor who legalised Christianity and founded Constantinople on the Bosphorus. Fall of Constantinople 1453 Ottoman capture of the Byzantine capital, ending the Roman imperial line after more than two millennia. Fall of Western Rome 476 AD Decline and collapse of Western Roman imperial authority in 476 AD. Holy Roman Empire 800 – 1806 A millennium of elected emperors over a patchwork of German lands — famously neither holy, Roman, nor an empire. Julius Caesar 100 BC – 44 BC Roman general and dictator whose actions led to the rise of the Roman Empire. Latin Alphabet Alphabet Most widely used alphabetic writing system, derived from Greek script via Etruscan. Mehmed II 1432 – 1481 The Ottoman sultan who took Constantinople at twenty-one and ended the Roman story. Protestant Reformation 1517 Luther’s challenge to Rome splitting Western Christianity and redrawing the political map of Europe. Roman Empire 27 BC – 476 AD Post-republican empire controlling the entire Mediterranean basin and Western Europe. Siege of Constantinople (1453) 1453 Ottoman conquest of the Byzantine capital by Sultan Mehmed II.

Aeneid Sacred Text Virgil's national epic of Aeneas's flight from Troy and founding destiny, Rome's answer to Homer. Apotheosis Concept The elevation of humans to divine status in mythologies like Greek and Roman . Brittia Realm / Site Brittia Mythical island in ancient Greek and Roman texts, possibly Britain. Chalice Artifact A sacred cup used in rituals across mythologies like Celtic and Roman . Divine Intervention Concept Gods influencing human affairs in mythologies like Greek and Roman . European Mythologies Tradition The mythological traditions of Europe: Greek, Roman, Norse, Celtic, Slavic, and Finno-Ugric. Gaulish Tradition Mythology of the Gauls, blending Celtic and Roman influences. Golden Age Concept An idyllic era of peace and prosperity in mythologies like Greek and Roman . Hubris Concept Excessive pride leading to downfall in mythologies like Greek and Roman . Metamorphoses Sacred Text Ovid's epic of transformation, weaving some 250 myths from creation to the deification of Caesar into one continuous poem. Metamorphosis Concept Transformation of beings in mythologies like Greek and Roman , often tied to divine will. Mythical Origins Concept Stories explaining the beginnings of cultures or places in mythologies like Roman and Mayan . Relic Artifact Sacred objects tied to divine or heroic figures, revered in mythologies like Celtic and Roman . Roman Tradition Mythology of ancient Rome, centered on gods like Jupiter. Thule Realm / Site Thule Mythical far-northern land in Greek and Roman lore.

Apollo Deity Greek god of prophecy, music, healing and the sun's clear light, whose oracle at Delphi spoke to all Greece. Diana Deity Roman goddess of the hunt and the moon, virgin mistress of wild places and guardian of women in childbirth. Gaea Deity Greek primordial earth goddess and mother of the Titans. The Mesopotamian earth goddess Ki occupies a comparable place in her own pantheon; the two traditions are separate. Isis Deity The great Egyptian magician and mother, who reassembled Osiris and raised Horus, and whose cult reached the whole Roman world. Jupiter Deity King of the Roman gods, sky father and guarantor of oaths, whose temple on the Capitol watched over the state. Mars Deity Roman god of war and of the fields — father of Romulus and Remus, and second only to Jupiter in the state cult. Venus Deity Roman goddess of love and victory, divine mother of Aeneas and ancestress of the Julian line. Watchers Mythic Being Class of angelic beings in the Book of Enoch and related Jewish apocrypha, whose union with humans produces the Nephilim . Not part of the Mesopotamian pantheon.

Ancient Roman Era Ancient Roman Philosophy in ancient Rome (c. 200 BCE–400 CE). Augustine of Hippo 354–430 · Roman Augustine of Hippo Roman philosopher of theology. Boethius 477–524 · Roman Boethius Roman philosopher (c. 477–524), known for Christian philosophy. Boethius’ Consolation Topic Philosophy of fate, divine justice. Epictetus 50–138 · Greek Epictetus Greek Stoic philosopher. Lucretius 94 BCE–55 BCE · Roman Lucretius Roman philosopher of Epicureanism. Meditations Work Marcus Aurelius’s private notebook of Stoic self-examination. Plotinus 205–270 · Roman Plotinus Roman philosopher of Neoplatonism. Seneca 4 BCE–65 · Roman Seneca Roman Stoic philosopher. Vitruvius Roman Vitruvius Roman architect and philosopher.

Ancient Roman Regional Style Architecture with arches and concrete structures. Antonine Wall Scotland Roman defensive structure. Apollodorus of Damascus Architect Ancient Greek architect (2nd century CE), known for Roman engineering feats. Aqueduct of Lisbon 1748 CE · Lisbon, Portugal Baroque aqueduct in Lisbon, Portugal (circa 1731–1748 CE), with multiple arches. Ara Pacis Rome, Italy Roman altar in Rome, Italy, completed 9 BC. Arch of Constantine 315 CE · Rome, Italy Roman triumphal arch in Rome, Italy (315 CE), with marble and reliefs. Arch of Titus Rome, Italy Triumphal arch in Rome, Italy, 81 CE. Augustus Pugin Architect British Gothic Revival architect. Baalbek Lebanon Roman temple complex in Lebanon (1st–3rd century CE), with massive stone columns. Basilica of Maxentius 312 CE · Rome, Italy Roman basilica in Rome, Italy (312 CE), with vast concrete vaults and arches. Byzantine Style Eastern Roman architecture with domes and mosaics. Church of San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane 1646 CE · Rome, Italy Baroque church in Rome, Italy (1646 CE), with stone and stucco by Borromini. Classical Period Classical Greek and Roman architecture from 600 BCE–400 CE. Classical Style Architecture inspired by Greek and Roman forms. Classical Architecture Movement Greco-Roman inspired architecture, ancient–present. Classical Design Technique Architectural technique using Greek and Roman principles of symmetry and proportion. Classicism Movement Architectural style inspired by ancient Greek and Roman principles. Classicism Theory Design inspired by Greco-Roman principles. Colosseum Rome, Italy Roman amphitheater in Rome, Italy (80 CE), with concrete, travertine, and tuff. Corinthian Column Monument Classical architectural element used in ancient Greek and Roman structures. De Architectura Treatise De Architectura Vitruvius's ten books on building. Ganondagan Village New York, USA Traditional Seneca longhouses. Hadrian Architect Roman emperor and architectural patron. Hadrian’s Villa 125 CE · Tivoli, Italy Roman imperial complex in Tivoli, Italy (125 CE), with brick and marble. Hadrian’s Wall 122 CE Roman defensive wall in northern England (122 CE), with stone forts and milecastles. Herculaneum Italy Roman city in Italy (circa 1st century BCE–79 CE), with brick and stone villas. Jerash Jordan Roman city in Jordan (circa 1st–3rd century CE), with colonnaded streets and temples. Jesuit College Rome Rome, Italy Baroque educational institution. Lisbon Aqueduct Lisbon, Portugal Baroque engineering marvel. Neo-Roman Style Revival of Roman architectural forms. Neoclassical Technique Architectural style reviving classical Greek and Roman forms. New Classicism Movement Architectural movement reviving classical Greek and Roman forms in modern contexts. Palace of Diocletian 305 CE · Split, Croatia Roman palace in Split, Croatia (305 CE), with stone walls and peristyle courtyard. Palmyra Syria Ancient city in Syria (circa 1st–3rd century CE), with Roman and Hellenistic ruins, including the Temple of Bel. Pantheon 126 CE · Rome, Italy Roman temple in Rome, Italy (126 CE), with concrete dome and oculus. Pantheon Brasília 1987 · Brazil Modern memorial in Brazil. Pantheon Rome Rome, Italy Ancient Roman temple, now a church, in Rome, Italy. Pompeii Italy Roman city in Italy (circa 7th century BCE–79 CE), with preserved villas and temples. Pompeii Amphitheatre Pompeii, Italy Roman amphitheatre in Pompeii, Italy (70 BCE), with stone and earthworks. Pompeii Frescoes Pompeii, Italy Wall paintings in Pompeii, Italy, 1st century BCE–79 CE. Pompeii Houses Pompeii, Italy Ancient Roman residences preserved in Pompeii, Italy. Pompeii Mosaics Pompeii, Italy Ancient Roman decorative floors. Pont du Gard France Roman aqueduct in France (circa 19 BCE), a masterpiece of Roman engineering. Renaissance Movement European architectural movement reviving classical Greek and Roman styles. Roman Period Roman Ancient imperial architecture. Roman Regional Style Architecture of the Roman Empire, 1st century BCE–5th century CE. Roman Style Ancient engineering marvels. Roman Aqueducts Ancient water systems. Roman Architecture Movement Monumental ancient style. Roman Baths Ancient Roman public baths. Roman Colosseum Rome, Italy Ancient amphitheater. Roman Engineers Architect Ancient infrastructure builders. Roman Forum Rome, Italy Ancient civic center in Rome, Italy (circa 7th century BCE–5th century CE), with temples and basilicas. Rome Housing Complex 2010 · Rome, Italy Modern residential development in Rome, Italy, focusing on urban living. San Clemente Rome, Italy Early Christian basilica in Rome, Italy (4th–12th century CE), known for layered construction and preserved frescoes. Sant’Ivo alla Sapienza 1660 · Rome, Italy Church in Rome, Italy, 1642–1660. Santa Costanza 350 CE · Rome, Italy Early Christian mausoleum in Rome, Italy (circa 350 CE), with a circular plan and mosaics. Santa Sabina 432 CE · Rome, Italy Early Christian basilica in Rome, Italy (432 CE), with brick and marble columns. Sapienza University Institution Historic university in Rome, Italy, with a notable architecture faculty. Tempietto Rome, Italy Chapel in Rome, Italy, 1502. Temple of Apollo, Delphi Delphi Ancient Greek temple in Delphi (circa 4th century BCE), with Doric columns. Temple of Venus and Roma 141 CE · Rome, Italy Roman temple in Rome, Italy (141 CE), with marble and concrete. Trajan's Column Rome, Italy Roman commemorative monument. Tuscan Farmhouse Tuscany, Italy Rural homes in Tuscany, Italy, traditional. University of Rome Institution University in Rome, Italy, founded 1303. Vitruvius Architect Roman architect and engineer (c. 80–15 BC), known for writing *De Architectura*.