Buildings — Architecture Registry

3D Printed House Tecla 2021 · Ravenna, Italy Innovative 3D-printed residence. 500 Fifth Avenue 1931 · New York, USA Art Deco skyscraper. 3535 Hayden 2016 · Eric Owen Moss Modern office building in Culver City, California, completed in 2016. Aarhus City Hall 1941 · Aarhus, Denmark Modernist civic building. Aarhus Docklands 2018 · Bjarke Ingels Modern residential and commercial development in Aarhus, Denmark. Abraj Al Bait 2012 · Mecca, Saudi Arabia Modern skyscraper complex in Mecca, Saudi Arabia (2002–2012), with Islamic motifs. Accra Parliament 1965 · local craftsmen Government building in Accra, Ghana, housing the Parliament of Ghana. Acropolis Museum 2009 · Bernard Tschumi Modern museum in Athens, Greece, housing ancient artifacts. Aga Khan Museum 2014 · Toronto, Canada Modern Islamic cultural center. Ai Weiwei Studio 1999 · Ai Weiwei Artist’s studio and residence in Beijing, China. Akshardham Temple 2005 · Delhi, India Modern Hindu temple in Delhi, India (2005), with intricately carved sandstone. Alcoa Building 1953 · Pittsburgh, USA Modernist skyscraper. Alexander Nevsky Cathedral 1912 · Sofia, Bulgaria Neo-Byzantine cathedral. American Radiator Building 1924 · New York Art Deco skyscraper in New York. Apple Store Fifth Avenue 2006 · Norman Foster Iconic retail store in New York City, USA. Arizona Biltmore 1929 · Phoenix, USA Resort with Wrightian influence. AT&T Building 1984 · New York Postmodern skyscraper in New York. Atlantis Condominium 1982 · Bernardo Fort-Brescia Modern residential tower in Miami, USA. Auditorio Nacional 1952 · Mexico City, Mexico. Core Characteristics Sleek Modern performance venue. Bamboo School Bali 2007 · local craftsmen Eco-friendly school in Bali, Indonesia, using sustainable materials. Bank of China Tower 1990 · Hong Kong Modern skyscraper in Hong Kong (1990), with geometric glass facade by I.M. Pei. Barbara Jordan Terminal 1998 · Austin, USA Airport terminal in Austin, USA. Barbican Centre 1982 · London, UK Brutalist cultural complex in London, UK, for arts and residences. Barclays Center 2012 · Brooklyn, New York Multi-purpose arena in Brooklyn, New York, completed in 2012. Barnes Foundation 2012 · Philadelphia, USA Modern art museum. Bauhaus Dessau 1925 CE · Dessau, Germany Modernist school in Dessau, Germany (1925 CE), with steel and glass by Walter Gropius. Beijing Daxing Airport 2019 · Beijing, China. Core Characteristics Starfish-shaped Modern Chinese terminal. Beijing National Stadium 2008 · Beijing, China Iconic Olympic venue. Belgrade Theatre 1958 · Coventry, UK. Core Characteristics Functional Modernist British theater. Bibliothèque Nationale 1996 · Paris, France Modern library landmark. Bill and Melinda Gates Hall 2014 · Thom Mayne Academic building at Cornell University, Ithaca, USA, completed in 2014. Blue Mountains Retreat 1998 · Glenn Murcutt Eco-friendly residence in New South Wales, Australia. Boeing 377 Interiors 1950 Interior design of Boeing 377 Stratocruiser, USA, 1947–1950. Bogd Khaan Palace 1911 · Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia Royal palace in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia (1893–1911), blending Mongolian and Chinese architectural styles. Bosco Verticale 2014 · Milan, Italy Residential towers in Milan, Italy (2014), with tree-covered facades for sustainability. Brasilia 1960 · Brazil Modernist capital city. Brasilia Cathedral 1970 CE · Brasilia, Brazil Modernist cathedral in Brasilia, Brazil (1970 CE), with concrete and glass by Niemeyer. Brisbane Square 2006 · Brisbane, Australia Modern civic building in Brisbane, Australia, completed in 2006. Burj Al Arab 1999 · Dubai, UAE Luxury hotel in Dubai, UAE (1999), with a sail-shaped silhouette and innovative engineering. Burj Khalifa 2010 · Dubai, UAE Skyscraper in Dubai, UAE (2010), with steel and glass by Adrian Smith. Caltrans District 7 2004 · Los Angeles, USA Modern urban headquarters. Cantilever Chair 1925 Modernist furniture design. Cardboard Cathedral 2013 · Shigeru Ban Transitional cathedral in Christchurch, New Zealand. Casa Batlló 1906 · Barcelona, Spain Modernist residence in Barcelona, Spain (1906), with organic forms by Antoni Gaudí. Casa de los Ventos 2010 · Tatiana Bilbao Modern residence in Mexico. Casa Loma 1914 · Toronto, Canada Gothic Revival mansion in Toronto, Canada, completed in 1914. Casa Milà 1912 · Barcelona, Spain Modernist residence in Barcelona, Spain (1912), with undulating stone facade by Gaudí. Case Study House 8 1949 · Los Angeles, USA Modernist residential experiment. CCTV Headquarters 2012 CE · Beijing, China Modern skyscraper in Beijing, China (2012 CE), with steel and glass by Rem Koolhaas. Centre Pompidou 1977 · Paris. Overview Centre Pompidou High-tech cultural center in Paris. Chandigarh Secretariat 1953 · Le Corbusier Administrative building in Chandigarh, India. Chemosphere 1960 · Los Angeles, USA. Core Characteristics Octagonal Futuristic residential icon. Choijin Lama Temple 1908 CE · Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia Buddhist temple in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia (1908 CE), with timber and painted decorations. Chrysler Building 1930 CE · New York, USA Art Deco skyscraper in New York, USA (1930 CE), with steel and terracotta. Church of the Light 1989 · Osaka, Japan Minimalist Japanese chapel. CN Tower 1976 CE · Toronto, Canada Communications tower in Toronto, Canada (1976 CE), with concrete and steel by John Andrews. Coastal Eco House 2015 · Kerry Hill Sustainable residence designed for coastal environments, emphasizing eco-friendly materials. Confucius Temple Qufu 1948 CE · Shandong, China Confucian temple in Shandong, China (478 BCE–1948 CE), with timber halls and courtyards. Copenhagen Opera House 2005 · Copenhagen, Denmark Modern cultural landmark. Dafen Art Museum 2007 · Urbanus Contemporary art museum in Shenzhen, China. Daily News Building 1930 · Raymond Hood Art Deco skyscraper in New York City, USA. Dalton Retreat 2010 · local craftsmen Minimalist retreat in rural USA, designed for seclusion. Dancing House 1996 · Frank Gehry Deconstructivist building in Prague, Czech Republic. De La Warr Pavilion 1935 · England Modernist cultural building in England. DesiLearning Center 2018 · local craftsmen Educational facility in India, designed for community learning. Drents Museum 2011 · Erick van Egeraat Cultural museum in Assen, Netherlands, with a modern extension. Dubai 3D Office 2016 · Dubai, UAE 3D-printed office building. Dunedin Railway Station 1906 · Dunedin, New Zealand Edwardian architectural landmark. Duomo Milan 1965 CE · Milan, Italy Gothic cathedral in Milan, Italy (1386–1965 CE), with intricate spires and marble facade. Eames House 1949 · Los Angeles, USA Mid-century modernist residence. Eden Project 2001 · Nicholas Grimshaw Environmental complex in Cornwall, UK. Eichler Houses 1966 · California, USA Residential homes in California, USA, 1949–1966. Eigen Haard 1918 · Amsterdam, Netherlands Dutch social housing. Elbphilharmonie 2016 CE · Hamburg, Germany Concert hall in Hamburg, Germany (2016 CE), with glass and steel by Herzog & de Meuron. Elena Garro Cultural Center 2013 · Mexico City, Mexico Contemporary cultural hub. Elrod House 1968 · Palm Springs, USA Organic modernist residence. Empire State Building 1931 · New York City, USA Art Deco skyscraper in New York City, USA (1931), an iconic symbol of urban ambition. Epcot Spaceship Earth 1982 · Buckminster Fuller Geodesic sphere at Epcot, Walt Disney World, USA. Estación Atocha 1992 · Madrid, Spain Train station in Madrid, Spain, 1851–1992. Fagus Factory 1913 · Walter Gropius Modernist factory in Alfeld, Germany. Fallingwater 1937 · Pennsylvania, USA Modernist residence in Pennsylvania, USA (1937), with cantilevered design by Frank Lloyd Wright. Farnsworth House 1951 · Illinois, USA. Core Characteristics Transparent Modernist glass residence. Fiat Lingotto Factory 1923 · Turin, Italy Factory in Turin, Italy, 1916–1923. Finlandia Hall 1971 · Helsinki, Finland Modern Finnish landmark. Fire Station 5 1968 · Robert Venturi Modern fire station in Columbus, Indiana, designed for functionality and aesthetic simplicity. Flatiron Building 1902 CE · New York, USA Beaux-Arts skyscraper in New York, USA (1902 CE), with steel and limestone. Forbidden City Hue 1945 · Hue, Vietnam Imperial palace in Hue, Vietnam, 1802–1945. Gardens by the Bay 2012 · Singapore Singaporean eco-cultural landmark. Gateway of India 1924 · Mumbai, India. Core Characteristics Arched Colonial Indian monument. Gen An House 2006 · Tadao Ando Minimalist residence in Japan, designed for Zen-inspired living. Golden Gate Bridge 1937 · San Francisco, USA Iconic American suspension bridge. Grand Canal Square 2007 · Dublin, Ireland. Core Characteristics Open Modern urban plaza. Green School Bali 2008 · Bali, Indonesia Eco-friendly school in Bali, Indonesia, emphasizing sustainability. Guggenheim Bilbao 1997 · Bilbao, Spain Contemporary museum in Bilbao, Spain (1997), with titanium curves by Frank Gehry. Guggenheim Museum 1959 · New York, USA Iconic modernist museum. Guggenheim Museum New York 1959 CE · New York, USA Modern art museum in New York, USA (1959 CE), with spiral concrete by Frank Lloyd Wright. Habita Hotel 2000 · Enrique Norten Boutique hotel in Mexico City, Mexico. Habitat 67 1967 · Moshe Safdie Modular residential complex in Montreal, Canada. Hackney Empire 1901 · London, UK Historic theater in London, UK, known for Edwardian design. Hall of Nations 1972 · Raj Rewal Iconic modernist structure in New Delhi, India, designed for exhibitions. Hans Sachs Haus 1927 · Gelsenkirchen, Germany Modernist civic building in Gelsenkirchen, Germany, completed in 1927. Harpa Concert Hall 2011 · Henning Larsen Iconic concert hall in Reykjavik, Iceland, known for its geometric facade. Hassan Fathy Village 1948 · New Gourna, Egypt Settlement in New Gourna, Egypt, 1945–1948. Hathigaon Housing 2010 · Rahul Mehrotra Social housing for elephant keepers in Jaipur, India. Helios House 2007 · Los Angeles, USA Sustainable service station. Het Schip 1919 · Amsterdam, Netherlands Amsterdam School housing. Heydar Aliyev Center 2012 · Baku, Azerbaijan. Core Characteristics Curved Fluid modernist landmark. High Line 2009 · New York Elevated urban park in New York. Hill House 1904 · Scotland. Overview Hill House Arts and Crafts residence in Scotland. House VI 1975 · Cornwall, USA. Core Characteristics Geometric Experimental modernist residence. HSBC Building Hong Kong 1985 CE · Hong Kong Modern skyscraper in Hong Kong (1985 CE), with steel and glass by Norman Foster. Hufeisensiedlung 1925 · Berlin, Germany Modernist German housing. Iconic Tower Colombo 2021 · Colombo, Sri Lanka Modern skyscraper in Colombo, Sri Lanka (completed 2021), a symbol of contemporary urban development. Inner City Arts 2008 · Michael Maltzan Arts education center in Los Angeles, USA. Inscape Meditation Space 2016 · Toshiko Mori Minimalist meditation retreat in New York, designed for tranquility and introspection. Japan National Stadium 2019 · Tokyo, Japan Modern sports arena. Jawahar Kala Kendra 1992 · Jaipur, India Cultural center with symbolic design. Jefferson Memorial 1943 · Washington, D.C. Neoclassical American monument. Jewelry Museum Dubai 2010 · Jean Nouvel Cultural museum in Dubai, UAE. Jin Mao Tower 1999 · Shanghai, China Skyscraper in Shanghai, China (1999), blending Chinese pagoda elements with modern design. John Deere World Headquarters 1964 · Eero Saarinen Corporate campus in Moline, Illinois, completed in 1964. Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church 1963 · Berlin, Germany Church in Berlin, Germany, 1959–1963. Kampung Admiralty 2017 · Singapore Modern community hub. Kanchanjunga Apartments 1983 · Mumbai, India Residential tower in Mumbai, India, 1970–1983. Kaufmann House Restoration 1946 · Palm Springs, USA Restored mid-century masterpiece. Kimbell Art Museum 1972 · Texas, USA Modern museum in Texas, USA (1972), with concrete vaults by Louis Kahn. Kingdom Centre Tower 2002 CE · Riyadh, Saudi Arabia Skyscraper in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (2002 CE), with steel and glass by Ellerbe Becket. Kresge College 1971 · California. Overview Kresge College Experimental university campus in California. Kubus Stacking Vessels 1984 · Rotterdam, Netherlands Experimental housing in Rotterdam, Netherlands, with modular cube units. Kyoto Station 1997 · Kyoto, Japan. Core Characteristics Futuristic Modern Japanese hub. Lafayette Park 1959 · Detroit, USA. Core Characteristics Low-rise Mid-century urban renewal. Les Arcs Ski Resort 1968 · Charlotte Perriand Mountain resort in Savoie, France. Lever House 1952 · New York, USA Modernist skyscraper. Liberty London 1924 · London, UK Iconic department store in London, UK. Lincoln Memorial 1922 · Washington, D.C. Neoclassical American monument. Lingotto Factory 1923 · Turin, Italy. Core Characteristics Functional Modernist Italian factory. Lloyd’s Building 1986 · London, UK High-tech office in London, UK (1986), with external services and glass cladding. Los Angeles Museum of the Holocaust 2010 · Los Angeles, USA Modern memorial museum. Lotte World Tower 2017 CE · Seoul, South Korea Skyscraper in Seoul, South Korea (2017 CE), with steel and glass. Lotus Temple 1986 · New Delhi, India Bahá’í house of worship in New Delhi, India (1986), with petal-like marble cladding. Louvre Abu Dhabi 2017 CE · Abu Dhabi, UAE Modern museum in Abu Dhabi, UAE (2017 CE), with steel dome by Jean Nouvel. Louvre Pyramid 1989 · I.M. Pei Glass and steel structure in Paris, France, designed by I.M. Pei (1989). Lovell Health House 1929 · Los Angeles, USA Modernist residence. Maison du Peuple 1905 · Brussels, Belgium Art Nouveau civic building. Makkah Royal Clock Tower 2012 · Mecca, Saudi Arabia Modern skyscraper in Mecca, Saudi Arabia (2012), with a crescent-topped clock face. Manitoga 1960 · New York. Overview Manitoga Modernist residence and landscape in New York. Mapungubwe Interpretive Centre 2009 · South Africa Modern vaulted structure in a historic site. Marina Bay Sands 2010 · Singapore Modern resort in Singapore (2010), with three towers and a rooftop SkyPark by Moshe Safdie. Medical Center Kawasaki 2002 · Kisho Kurokawa Modern healthcare facility in Kawasaki, Japan, designed for efficiency. Meiji Shrine 1920 CE · Tokyo, Japan Shinto shrine in Tokyo, Japan (1920 CE), with timber and copper roofs. Melbourne Museum 2000 · Melbourne, Australia Modern cultural institution. Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe 2005 · Peter Eisenman Holocaust memorial in Berlin, Germany. Menara Mesiniaga 1992 · Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Bioclimatic Malaysian skyscraper. Merdeka 118 2023 CE · Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Skyscraper in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (2023 CE), with steel and glass by Fender Katsalidis. Mesa Arts Center 2005 · Mesa, Arizona Cultural complex in Mesa, Arizona, for performing and visual arts. Milan Cathedral 1965 · Milan, Italy Cathedral in Milan, Italy, 1386–1965. Milan Residence 2013 · Zaha Hadid Modern residential complex in Milan, Italy, designed for urban living. Ministry of Education 1943 Government building in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 1936–1943. Mjøstårnet 2019 · Brumunddal, Norway World’s tallest timber building in Brumunddal, Norway. Mont Saint-Michel Bridge 2014 · Dietmar Feichtinger Access bridge to Mont Saint-Michel, France. Multihalle Mannheim 1975 · Mannheim, Germany Experimental grid-shell structure. Munich Olympic Stadium 1972 · Munich, Germany Modern tensile structure. Musée du Louvre 1989 CE · Paris, France Renaissance and modern museum in Paris, France (1190–1989 CE), with glass pyramid by I.M. Pei. Museo Amparo 1991 · Puebla, Mexico Contemporary Mexican museum. Museo Rufino Tamayo 1981 · Mexico City Modern art museum in Mexico City. Museo Soumaya 2011 · Mexico City Modern art museum in Mexico City. Mysore Palace 1912 · Mysore, India Palace in Mysore, India, 1897–1912. Nakagin Capsule Tower 1972 · Kisho Kurokawa Metabolist residential tower in Tokyo, Japan, completed in 1972. National Assembly of Bangladesh 1982 CE · Dhaka, Bangladesh Parliament building in Dhaka, Bangladesh (1982 CE), with concrete by Louis Kahn. National Congress Brazil 1960 Modernist legislative complex. National Museum Delhi 1960 · New Delhi, India Major cultural institution in New Delhi, India. Nautilus House 2006 · Mexico City, Mexico. Core Characteristics Shell-inspired Organic Mexican residence. Neutra VDL Studio 1932 · Los Angeles, USA Mid-century modernist residence. North Sydney Civic Centre 1977 · Harry Seidler Modern civic complex in Sydney, Australia. Notre-Dame du Haut 1955 · Le Corbusier Modernist chapel in Ronchamp, France (1955), designed by Le Corbusier with expressive forms. Notre-Dame du Raincy 1923 · Le Raincy, France Modernist French church. Novartis Shanghai Campus 2016 · Shanghai, China Modern corporate complex. Novocomum 1929 · Como, Italy Early modernist apartment building. Oasia Hotel 2016 · Singapore Green urban tower. Obama Presidential Center 2025 · Chicago, USA. Core Characteristics Modern Modern civic landmark. Olivetti Factory 1958 · Ivrea, Italy Factory in Ivrea, Italy, 1934–1958. One Angel Square 2012 · Manchester Sustainable office in Manchester. One Santa Fe 2015 · Los Angeles, USA. Core Characteristics Bold Mixed-use urban complex. One World Trade Center 2014 · New York City, USA Skyscraper in New York City, USA (2014), a symbol of resilience with a spire reaching 1,776 feet. Palace of Knossos 1900 · Crete, Greece Minoan palace in Crete, Greece (circa 1900–1400 BCE), with frescoes and complex layout. Palacio de Cibeles 1919 · Madrid, Spain Beaux-Arts civic building in Madrid, Spain, completed in 1919. Palais Stoclet 1911 · Josef Hoffmann Art Nouveau mansion in Brussels, Belgium. Palm Beach House 2005 · Glenn Murcutt Modern residential structure in Palm Beach, Australia, known for minimalist coastal design. Palm Garden House 2018 · Wong Mun Summ Modern tropical residence in Thailand. Pantheon Brasília 1987 · Brazil Modern memorial in Brazil. Panyaden School 2017 · Chiang Mai, Thailand Sustainable bamboo school. Parc de la Villette 1987 · Paris, France Deconstructivist urban park. Parc Güell 1914 · Antoni Gaudí Public park with architectural elements in Barcelona, Spain. Park Güell 1914 · Barcelona, Spain Public park in Barcelona, Spain (1914), with mosaic structures by Antoni Gaudí. Parliament Library Delhi 2002 · New Delhi, India. Core Characteristics Modern Modern Indian civic building. Pasadena City Hall 1927 · Pasadena, USA Beaux-Arts civic landmark. Pelican Chair 1940 Modernist furniture design. Pergamon Museum 1930 · Berlin, Germany Museum in Berlin, Germany, housing ancient artifacts. Petronas Towers 1998 · Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Postmodern skyscrapers in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (1998), with steel and glass spires. Piazza d’Italia 1978 · New Orleans, USA. Core Characteristics Eclectic Postmodern urban plaza. Plaza de Toros Madrid 1931 · Madrid, Spain Bullring in Madrid, Spain, 1929–1931. Pompidou Centre 1977 CE · Paris, France High-tech museum in Paris, France (1977 CE), with steel and glass by Rogers and Piano. Ponte di Pace 2010 · Tbilisi, Georgia Pedestrian bridge in Tbilisi, Georgia. Portland Building 1982 · Portland, USA. Core Characteristics Colorful Postmodern landmark. Quinta Monroy 2004 · Iquique, Chile Chilean social housing. REWE Green Building 2009 · local craftsmen Sustainable supermarket in Wiesbaden, Germany, designed for energy efficiency. Reynolds Building 1929 · Winston-Salem, USA. Core Characteristics Ornate Art Deco skyscraper. Rietveld Schröder House 1924 · Gerrit Rietveld De Stijl residence in Utrecht, Netherlands. Robie House 1910 · Chicago. Overview Robie House Prairie-style residence in Chicago. Rome Housing Complex 2010 · Zaha Hadid Modern residential development in Rome, Italy, focusing on urban living. Ronchamp Chapel 1955 · France Modernist chapel in France (1955), with sculptural concrete by Le Corbusier. Rusakov Workers’ Club 1929 · Moscow, Russia Cultural center in Moscow, Russia, 1927–1929. Rutgers Business School 2015 · Enrique Norten Modern educational facility in Newark, USA. Sagaponac House 2004 · Richard Meier Modern minimalist residence in Long Island, New York, designed for simplicity. Sagrada Corazón 1969 CE · Lisbon, Portugal Modernist church in Lisbon, Portugal (circa 1969 CE), with minimalist design and concrete forms. Sainsbury Wing 1991 · London, UK Extension to the National Gallery in London, UK. Salk Institute 1965 · La Jolla, USA Modern research facility in La Jolla, USA (1965), with concrete plazas by Louis Kahn. Samitaur Tower 2010 · Culver City, USA Contemporary urban installation. San Cataldo Cemetery 1971 · Modena, Italy. Core Characteristics Geometric Postmodern Italian cemetery. Sapporo Dome 2001 · Sapporo, Japan Modern sports arena. SAS Royal Hotel 1960 · Copenhagen, Denmark Modernist Scandinavian landmark. Schermerhorn Symphony Center 2006 · Nashville, USA Concert hall in Nashville, USA, completed in 2006. Schocken Department Store 1928 · Erich Mendelsohn Modernist retail building in Stuttgart, Germany. Seagram Building 1958 · New York, USA Modernist skyscraper in New York, USA (1958), with bronze and glass by Mies van der Rohe. Shanghai Tower 2015 · Shanghai, China Skyscraper in Shanghai, China (2015), with a twisted glass facade and sustainable design. Shard London 2012 · Renzo Piano Iconic skyscraper in London, UK. Shizuoka Press and Broadcasting Center 1967 · Tokyo, Japan Office in Tokyo, Japan, 1966–1967. Simone de Beauvoir Footbridge 2006 · Paris, France Modern Parisian bridge. Smith House 1967 · Richard Meier Modernist residence in Connecticut, USA. Solar City Linz 2005 · Norman Foster Eco-friendly residential district in Linz, Austria. Solar Houses Freiburg 1994 · Freiburg, Germany Sustainable residential project in Freiburg, Germany, designed for energy efficiency. Solar Umbrella House 2005 · Venice, USA Sustainable modern residence. Space Needle 1962 CE · Seattle, USA Observation tower in Seattle, USA (1962 CE), with steel and concrete. St Catherine’s College 1962 · Oxford, UK Modernist academic campus. Stockholm Public Library 1928 · Gunnar Asplund Iconic library in Stockholm, Sweden. Stonehenge Visitor Centre 2013 · Wiltshire, UK. Core Characteristics Lightweight Modern heritage facility. Surrey City Hall 2014 · Surrey, British Columbia Modern civic building in Surrey, British Columbia, completed in 2014. Sydney Opera House 1973 CE · Sydney, Australia Performing arts center in Sydney, Australia (1973 CE), with concrete shells by Jørn Utzon. Taipei 101 2004 · Taipei, Taiwan Skyscraper in Taipei, Taiwan (2004), with pagoda-inspired design and earthquake-resistant engineering. Wikipedia Taliesin 1911 · Wisconsin, USA. Core Characteristics Organic Frank Lloyd Wright’s studio-residence. Taliesin West 1937 · Arizona, USA. Core Characteristics Organic Frank Lloyd Wright’s desert studio. Tama Art University Library 2007 · Toyo Ito Contemporary library in Tokyo, Japan. Tate Modern 2000 · London, UK Contemporary art museum. Te Papa Wharenui 1998 · Wellington, New Zealand Māori meeting house. The Gherkin 2004 · Norman Foster Modern skyscraper in London, UK (2004), designed by Norman Foster with a distinctive glass facade. The Shard 2012 · London, UK Skyscraper in London, UK (2012), with a glass-clad, tapering design by Renzo Piano. Thompson Center 1985 · Chicago, USA Postmodern Chicago landmark. Three Gorges Dam 2003 · China Massive hydroelectric dam in China. Tokyo Skytree 2012 CE · Tokyo, Japan Observation tower in Tokyo, Japan (2012 CE), with steel and concrete. Tokyo Tower 1958 · Kenzo Tange Iconic communications tower in Tokyo, Japan, inspired by the Eiffel Tower. Tomb of Khai Dinh 1925 CE · Hue, Vietnam Royal tomb in Hue, Vietnam (1925 CE), with concrete and ceramic mosaics. Transamerica Pyramid 1972 · San Francisco, USA Iconic skyscraper in San Francisco, USA, with a unique pyramid shape. Tree-ness House 2017 · Tokyo, Japan. Core Characteristics Organic Organic modern residence. Treet Tower 2015 · Bergen, Norway Modern wooden skyscraper. Trudo Tower 2021 · Eindhoven. Overview Trudo Tower Sustainable vertical forest in Eindhoven. Trusteeship Council Chamber 1952 · Finn Juhl UN chamber in New York, USA. Tudor City 1928 · New York City, USA Residential complex in New York City, USA, with Tudor Revival style. TWA Terminal 1962 Modernist airport terminal at JFK, New York, USA (1962), designed by Eero Saarinen with fluid concrete forms. UN Headquarters 1952 · New York, USA Complex in New York, USA, 1948–1952. Unité d’Habitation 1952 · Le Corbusier Iconic modernist housing block in Marseille, France. University City Madrid 1943 · Madrid, Spain Campus in Madrid, Spain, 1927–1943. Van Nelle Factory 1931 · Rotterdam, Netherlands Modernist factory in Rotterdam, Netherlands. Vanna Venturi House 1964 · Pennsylvania, USA Postmodern residence in Pennsylvania, USA (1964), designed by Robert Venturi with playful forms. Victoria Memorial 1921 · William Emerson Monumental museum in Kolkata, India. Viipuri Library 1935 · Vyborg, Russia Modernist Finnish library. Villa Planchart 1957 · Gio Ponti Modernist residence in Caracas, Venezuela, designed for luxury. Villa Savoye 1931 CE · Poissy, France Modernist residence in Poissy, France (1931 CE), with concrete and glass by Le Corbusier. Vĩnh Nghiêm Pagoda 1971 CE · Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam Buddhist pagoda in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam (1971 CE), with seven-story tower. Walt Disney Concert Hall 2003 · Los Angeles, USA Contemporary concert hall in Los Angeles, USA (2003), with stainless steel curves by Frank Gehry. Watercube Beijing 2008 · Beijing, China Modern aquatic center. Weissenhof Estate 1927 · Stuttgart, Germany. Core Characteristics Minimalist Modernist housing experiment. Whistler Library 1997 · Whistler, Canada Modern community hub. Willis Tower 1973 · Chicago, USA Skyscraper in Chicago, USA (1973), with a bundled-tube structural system. Willow Tea Rooms 1903 · Glasgow, UK. Core Characteristics Ornate Arts and Crafts interior. Winter Palace Ulaanbaatar 1905 · Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia Palace in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, 1903–1905. Woodland Cemetery 1940 · Gunnar Asplund Modernist cemetery in Stockholm, Sweden, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Xiangshan Campus 2007 · Wang Shu China Academy of Art campus in Hangzhou, China, blending tradition and modernity. Yangliping Performing Arts Center 2016 · Zhu Pei Cultural venue in Yunnan, China, inspired by local traditions. Yangshuo Sugarhouse 2017 · Wang Shu Converted industrial structure in Yangshuo, China, blending contemporary and adaptive reuse . Yanmar Headquarters 2014 · Osaka, Japan Modern corporate office. Zaryadye Park Pavilion 2017 · Moscow, Russia Modern landscape integration. Zensar Technologies 2015 · Pune, India Modern corporate office in Pune, India, designed for tech innovation. Zero House 2007 · Michael Reynolds Sustainable off-grid residence in USA.

Abu Simbel 1264 BCE · Egypt Rock-cut temples in Egypt (circa 1264 BCE), built under Ramses II with colossal statues. Arch of Constantine 315 CE · Rome, Italy Roman triumphal arch in Rome, Italy (315 CE), with marble and reliefs. Basilica of Maxentius 312 CE · Rome, Italy Roman basilica in Rome, Italy (312 CE), with vast concrete vaults and arches. Bent Pyramid 2600 BCE · Dahshur Egyptian pyramid in Dahshur (circa 2600 BCE), with a unique angled design from construction changes. Chogha Zanbil 1250 BCE · Iran Elamite ziggurat in Iran (circa 1250 BCE), with mud-brick and baked brick. Edfu Temple 237 · Egypt Ptolemaic temple in Egypt (circa 237–57 BCE), dedicated to Horus with well-preserved reliefs. Great Pyramid of Giza 2600 BCE · Giza Ancient Egyptian pyramid in Giza (circa 2600 BCE), with limestone blocks for Pharaoh Khufu. Hadrian’s Villa 125 CE · Tivoli, Italy Roman imperial complex in Tivoli, Italy (125 CE), with brick and marble. Hadrian’s Wall 122 CE Roman defensive wall in northern England (122 CE), with stone forts and milecastles. Hanging Temple 491 CE · Shanxi, China Buddhist temple in Shanxi, China (circa 491 CE), built into a cliff with wooden supports. Hatshepsut Mortuary Temple 1470 BCE Ancient Egyptian temple in Deir el-Bahri (1470 BCE), with stone and colonnades. Ishtar Gate 575 BCE · Babylon, Mesopotamia Monumental gate in Babylon, Mesopotamia (circa 575 BCE), with glazed brick reliefs. Kom Ombo Temple 180 · Egypt Ptolemaic temple in Egypt (circa 180–47 BCE), dedicated to Sobek and Horus with symmetrical design. Luxor Temple 1400 BCE · Luxor Ancient Egyptian temple in Luxor (circa 1400 BCE), with colossal statues and colonnades. Mausoleum of Galla Placidia 430 CE · Ravenna, Italy Early Christian mausoleum in Ravenna, Italy (430 CE), with brick and mosaics. Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor 210 BCE · China Tomb complex in China (circa 210 BCE), with the Terracotta Army. Nazca Lines 500 BCE · Peru Geoglyphs in Peru (circa 500 BCE–500 CE), created by the Nazca culture with large-scale desert designs. Nineveh 700 BCE · Iraq Assyrian capital city in Iraq (circa 700 BCE), with mud-brick palaces and gates. Palace of Diocletian 305 CE · Split, Croatia Roman palace in Split, Croatia (305 CE), with stone walls and peristyle courtyard. Palace of Sargon II 710 BCE · Khorsabad, Iraq Assyrian palace in Khorsabad, Iraq (circa 710 BCE), with mud-brick walls and reliefs. Pantheon 126 CE · Rome, Italy Roman temple in Rome, Italy (126 CE), with concrete dome and oculus. Parthenon 438 BCE · Athens, Greece Greek temple in Athens, Greece (438 BCE), with marble and Doric columns. Pasargadae 550 BCE · Iran Achaemenid capital in Iran (circa 550 BCE), with palaces and Cyrus’s tomb. Persepolis 518 BCE · Iran Achaemenid capital in Iran (518 BCE), with stone columns and reliefs. Persepolis Palace 515 BCE · Iran Achaemenid ceremonial capital in Iran (circa 515 BCE), with grand columns and reliefs. Philae Temple 300 CE · Aswan Ancient Egyptian temple in Aswan (circa 280 BCE–300 CE), relocated to Agilkia Island. Red Pyramid 2600 BCE · Dahshur Ancient Egyptian pyramid in Dahshur (circa 2600 BCE), with red limestone casing. Ruwanwelisaya 140 BCE · Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka Buddhist stupa in Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka (140 BCE), with brick and plaster. Santa Costanza 350 CE · Rome, Italy Early Christian mausoleum in Rome, Italy (circa 350 CE), with a circular plan and mosaics. Santa Sabina 432 CE · Rome, Italy Early Christian basilica in Rome, Italy (432 CE), with brick and marble columns. Saqqara Step Pyramid 2630 BCE · Saqqara Ancient Egyptian pyramid in Saqqara (circa 2630 BCE), with limestone by Imhotep. Shaolin Temple 495 CE · Henan, China Buddhist monastery in Henan, China (495 CE), famed for martial arts and Zen Buddhism. Sialk Ziggurat 3000 BCE · Kashan, Iran Ancient stepped structure in Kashan, Iran (circa 3000 BCE), with mud-brick layers. Stonehenge 2500 BCE · Wiltshire, England Neolithic monument in Wiltshire, England (circa 2500 BCE), with sarsen and bluestone. Temple of Horus 237 · Edfu, Egypt Ancient Egyptian temple with Ptolemaic design. Temple of Karnak 2055 BCE · Luxor Ancient Egyptian temple complex in Luxor (circa 2055 BCE–100 CE), with massive columns. Temple of Venus and Roma 141 CE · Rome, Italy Roman temple in Rome, Italy (141 CE), with marble and concrete. Teotihuacan Pyramid of the Moon 450 CE · Mexico Mesoamerican pyramid in Mexico (circa 100–450 CE), part of Teotihuacan’s urban complex. Teotihuacan Pyramid of the Sun 200 CE · Mexico Mesoamerican pyramid in Mexico (200 CE), with stone and adobe. Troy 3000 BCE · Turkey Ancient city in Turkey (circa 3000 BCE–500 CE), with stone and mud-brick walls. Valley of the Kings 1500 BCE Ancient Egyptian tombs near Luxor (circa 1500 BCE), with rock-cut chambers. Yurt 1000 BCE · Central Asia Portable nomadic dwelling in Central Asia (circa 1000 BCE–present), with felt and wood lattice.

512 GW Housing Residential complex, location unspecified, contemporary. 700 Palisades USA Residential building, likely in USA, contemporary. 2004 Installation Temporary structure, location unspecified, 2004. Acropolis Athens Athens, Greece Ancient citadel in Athens, Greece (5th century BCE), with marble temples like the Parthenon. Akan Compounds Akan craftsmen Traditional residential compounds in Ghana. Aksum Obelisk Aksum, Ethiopia Monumental stele in Aksum, Ethiopia (circa 4th century CE), carved from granite. Al-Azhar University Cairo, Egypt. Core Characteristics Courtyards Islamic educational complex. Al-Qarawiyyin Fez, Morocco Ancient Islamic university. Aleut Barabaras Aleutian Islands Traditional dwellings in Aleutian Islands, pre-colonial. Alexandria Lighthouse Alexandria, Egypt Lighthouse in Alexandria, Egypt, 280 BCE. Altarock Residence Residence, location unspecified, contemporary. Altes Museum 1830 · Berlin, Germany Neoclassical museum in Berlin, Germany (1830), with a grand colonnaded facade. Amazon Spheres Seattle. Overview Amazon Spheres Biomorphic office conservatories in Seattle. American Modern Dinnerware Russel Wright Not a building, but a design object; ceramic dinnerware by Russel Wright. Amhara Villages Amhara Craftsmen Traditional villages in Amhara region, Ethiopia. Amsterdam Townhouses Amsterdam, Netherlands. Core Characteristics Narrow Dutch Golden Age homes. Ananda Temple 1105 · Mon craftsmen Buddhist temple in Bagan, Myanmar, a masterpiece of Mon architecture. Anangpur Building Centre Anil Laul's demonstration campus at Anangpur, Faridabad, India (founded 1991), teaching cost-effective and earthquake-resistant building. Angel of the North Gateshead, UK Public sculpture in Gateshead, UK, 1998. Angkor Borei 600 CE · Cambodia Pre-Angkorian site in Cambodia (circa 500 BCE–600 CE), a Funan Kingdom urban center with canals and brick structures. Angkor Thom Cambodia Khmer capital city in Cambodia (12th century CE), with stone gates and temples. Angkor Wat Cambodia Khmer temple in Cambodia (12th century CE), with sandstone towers and bas-reliefs. Anne Hathaway Cottage 1463 · Tudor craftsmen Historic residence in Stratford-upon-Avon, UK. Antonine Wall Scotland Roman defensive structure. Anuradhapura Sri Lanka Ancient city in Sri Lanka, 4th century BCE–11th century CE. Anuradhapura Monasteries Sri Lanka Buddhist complexes in Sri Lanka, 3rd century BCE–10th century CE. Anuradhapura Stupas Sri Lanka Buddhist stupas in Sri Lanka (circa 3rd century BCE–11th century CE), with massive dome structures. Aomori Museum of Art Aomori, Japan Museum in Aomori, Japan, 2006. Apache Wickiups Apache craftsmen Traditional dwellings of the Apache people in the Southwestern USA. Aqueduct of Lisbon 1748 CE · Lisbon, Portugal Baroque aqueduct in Lisbon, Portugal (circa 1731–1748 CE), with multiple arches. Ara Pacis Rome, Italy Roman altar in Rome, Italy, completed 9 BC. Arch of Titus Rome, Italy Triumphal arch in Rome, Italy, 81 CE. Art Nouveau Tiles Decorative elements in various buildings, 1890s–1910s. Arts and Crafts Homes Tudor craftsmen Residential buildings inspired by the Arts and Crafts movement in Europe and America. Ashanti Compounds Ghana West African courtyard houses. Ashanti Houses Ghana West African dwellings. Ashanti Traditional Buildings Ghana Adobe structures in Ghana (circa 17th–19th century CE), with symbolic wall patterns. Ashoka Pillars Emperor Ashoka Ancient stone pillars with Buddhist inscriptions. Athenian Apartments Athens, Greece Residential complex in Athens, Greece, contemporary. Athletics Ballpark Baseball stadium, location unspecified, modern. Auditorium Building Chicago, USA Multi-use building in Chicago, USA, 1889. Avebury Wiltshire, England Neolithic stone circle in Wiltshire, England. Axum Stelae Axum, Ethiopia Monumental obelisks in Axum, Ethiopia (circa 4th century CE), carved from granite. Aymara Villages Aymara craftsmen Traditional settlements in Bolivia and Peru. Ayutthaya Thailand Ancient capital in Thailand (14th–18th century CE), with brick temples and chedis. Baalbek Lebanon Roman temple complex in Lebanon (1st–3rd century CE), with massive stone columns. Bab Mansour 1732 CE · Meknes, Morocco Ornate gate in Meknes, Morocco (1732 CE), with tilework and stucco. Babylon Mesopotamia, Iraq Ancient city in Mesopotamia, Iraq, 18th century BCE. Badami Cave Temples Chalukya craftsmen Rock-cut Hindu and Jain temples in Karnataka, India. Badami Caves Karnataka, India Indian rock-cut temples. Bagan Temples Myanmar Buddhist temple complex in Myanmar (11th–13th century CE), with over 2,200 brick stupas and pagodas. Bajang Ratu Java, Indonesia Majapahit gate in Java, Indonesia (circa 14th century), with ornate brickwork. Baka Villages Central Africa Central African settlements. Bali Village Houses Bali, Indonesia Traditional residences in Bali, Indonesia, pre-colonial–present. Balinese Pavilions Balinese craftsmen Open-air structures in Bali, Indonesia, for communal and spiritual use. Balinese Village Houses Balinese craftsmen Traditional homes in Bali, Indonesia, reflecting spiritual and communal values. Bandiagara Escarpment Mali Cliff dwellings in Mali, pre-colonial–present. Banqueting House 1622 · London, UK English classical hall. Bantu Villages Sub-Saharan Africa Settlements in Sub-Saharan Africa, traditional–present. Bao'an Cultural Complex Library Rocco Design Architects' library on Shenzhen's Bao'an central axis (c. 2019), one of three buildings echoing over the bay. Barwon Heads House Australia Modern coastal residence in Australia. Bastakiya Quarter Dubai, UAE Historic district in Dubai, UAE, 19th century. Batak Houses Batak Craftsmen Traditional houses of the Batak people, North Sumatra, Indonesia. Batak Rumah Bolon Sumatra, Indonesia Traditional Indonesian houses. Bayon Temple Angkor, Cambodia Khmer temple in Angkor, Cambodia (12th century CE), with stone and face towers. Beaumaris House Melbourne, Australia Residence in Melbourne, Australia, 20th century. Bedouin Tents Nomadic shelters in the Middle East. Benin City Walls Nigeria Earthen ramparts in Nigeria (circa 13th–15th century CE), with moats and defensive structures. Beomeosa Temple 678 CE · Busan, South Korea Buddhist temple in Busan, South Korea (678 CE), with timber and stone. Berlin Mixed-Use Berlin, Germany Mixed-use complex in Berlin, Germany, contemporary. Besakih Temple Bali, Indonesia Hindu temple complex in Bali, Indonesia (14th century CE), with stone and thatch. Beverly Hills Residence Beverly Hills, USA Private home in Beverly Hills, USA, 20th century. Bhau Daji Lad Museum 1872 · Mumbai, India Victorian-era museum. Bhitragaon Temple Uttar Pradesh, India Ancient Indian brick temple. Bibi Ka Maqbara 1660 CE · Aurangabad, India Mughal mausoleum in Aurangabad, India (1660 CE), with marble and plaster. Big Ben London, UK Clock tower in London, UK, 1859. Big Wild Goose Pagoda Xi'an, China Chinese Buddhist pagoda. Biltmore Estate 1895 · North Carolina, USA. Core Characteristics Ornate American Châteauesque mansion. Biosphere Montreal Montreal, Canada Museum in Montreal, Canada, 1967. Blue Mountains House Glenn Murcutt Modern residence in Blue Mountains, Australia. Bodhgaya Bihar, India Buddhist pilgrimage site in Bihar, India, with Mahabodhi Temple. Bogotá Community Center local craftsmen Modern community hub in Bogotá, Colombia, for social engagement. Bonampak 790 CE · Mexico Maya city in Mexico (790 CE), with stone temples and murals. Borobudur Java, Indonesia Buddhist temple in Java, Indonesia (circa 9th century CE), with stepped stupas. Borobudur Stupa Java, Indonesia Buddhist monument in Java, Indonesia (9th century CE), with stone and reliefs. Boudhanath Stupa Kathmandu, Nepal Buddhist stupa in Kathmandu, Nepal (circa 6th century CE), with a massive mandala dome. Brasilia Master Plan City plan in Brasília, Brazil, 1960. Brihadeeswara Temple Thanjavur, India Chola dynasty masterpiece. Brihadeeswarar Temple 1010 CE · Thanjavur, India Hindu temple in Thanjavur, India (1010 CE), with granite and towering vimana. Brihadisvara Temple 1010 · Chola craftsmen Chola dynasty temple with towering gopuram. British Museum London, UK Museum in London, UK, 1753–present. Bronze Doors Florence 1452 Renaissance baptistery doors. Bronze Gates Florence Renaissance sculptural doors. Bruges Belfry Bruges, Belgium Medieval bell tower in Bruges, Belgium. Bruges Houses Bruges, Belgium Residential buildings in Bruges, Belgium, medieval–present. Bubbletecture H Shuhei Endo's bubbling environmental learning hall at Harima Science Garden City, Hyogo, Japan (2008). Buganda Kasubi Tombs Kampala, Uganda Royal tombs in Kampala, Uganda, 1881. Bulguksa Temple 751 CE · Gyeongju, South Korea Buddhist temple in Gyeongju, South Korea (circa 751 CE), a UNESCO site with stone pagodas. Bullitt Center Seattle, USA Office building in Seattle, USA, 2013. Café De Unie Rotterdam, Netherlands Iconic modernist café in Rotterdam, Netherlands, designed in 1925. Cahokia 1350 CE · Illinois, USA Mississippian city in Illinois, USA (circa 1050–1350 CE), with earthen mounds. Calakmul 900 CE · Mexico Maya city in Mexico (circa 200 BCE–900 CE), with stone pyramids and stelae. Can Tho Floating Markets Can Tho, Vietnam Vietnamese water-based markets. Cape Cod Houses New England, USA Residences in New England, USA, 17th–19th century. Caravanserai Sultanhani Aksaray, Turkey Seljuk roadside inn. Carson Mansion 1886 · Eureka, USA Victorian architectural gem. Casa alle Zattere Ignazio Gardella's modern apartment house on the Zattere waterfront, Venice (1958–1962), a rare modern insertion in the old city. Casa de la Mujer Mexico Community center in Mexico, contemporary. Casa del Fascio Como, Italy Administrative building in Como, Italy, 1936. Casa Grande 1450 CE · Arizona, USA Hohokam great house in Arizona, USA (circa 1150–1450 CE), with caliche walls. Centraal Beheer Apeldoorn, Netherlands. Core Characteristics Modular Dutch structuralist office. Central Kenya Villages Kenya Traditional settlements in Kenya, pre-colonial. Central Park 1873 · New York, USA Urban park in New York, USA, 1857–1873. Centre for Development Studies Kerala, India Modern Indian academic complex. Cham Towers Vietnam Hindu temples in Vietnam (circa 7th–13th century CE), with brick towers and carvings. Chan Chan 1470 CE · Peru Chimú capital in Peru (circa 850–1470 CE), with adobe walls and reliefs. Chand Baori Rajasthan, India Ancient Indian stepwell. Chandigarh India Planned modernist city. Chandigarh Capitol Le Corbusier Modernist government complex in India, designed by Le Corbusier (1950s). Chatsworth Greenhouses 1840 · Derbyshire, UK Glasshouses in Derbyshire, UK, 1836–1840. Chavín de Huantar 900 · Peru Pre-Incan ceremonial center in Peru (circa 900–200 BCE), with stone temples and reliefs. Chennakesava Temple Belur, India Hoysala Hindu temple. Chewa Villages Malawi East African settlements. Chhattisgarh Settlements Chhattisgarh, India Indian tribal villages. Chicago City Hall Chicago, USA Municipal building in Chicago, USA, 1911. Chicanná 900 CE · Mexico Maya city in Mexico (circa 600–900 CE), with ornate stone facades. Chichen Itza 1200 CE · Mexico Maya city in Mexico (circa 600–1200 CE), with the iconic El Castillo pyramid. Chichen Itza El Castillo Mexico. Core Characteristics Stepped Mayan stepped pyramid. Chieftain Chair Not a building, but a notable furniture design by Finn Juhl. Chinese Pavilion Sanssouci 1764 · Potsdam, Germany. Core Characteristics Ornate Rococo German pavilion. Chion-in Temple 1234 CE · Kyoto, Japan Buddhist temple in Kyoto, Japan (1234 CE), with timber and massive gate. Chiswick House London, UK. Core Characteristics Symmetrical English Palladian villa. Cholula Pyramid 900 CE · Cholula, Mexico Mesoamerican pyramid in Cholula, Mexico (300 BCE–900 CE), with stone and adobe. Choquequirao Peru Incan city in Peru (circa 15th century), with terraced structures in the Andes. Chukchi Settlements Siberia, Russia Traditional dwellings in Siberia, Russia, pre-colonial. Chukchi Yarangas Chukchi craftsmen Traditional dwellings of Chukchi people in Siberia. Ci’en Temple 652 CE Buddhist temple in Xi’an, China (circa 652 CE), home to the Great Wild Goose Pagoda. Circus Bath 1754 · Bath, UK Georgian residential crescent. CitizenM Hotels Boutique hotels, global, 2008–present. City Hall Almelo local craftsmen Modern municipal building in Almelo, Netherlands. Clerehan House Robin Boyd Modernist residence in Melbourne, Australia, designed in 1950s. Coast Salish Totems Salish craftsmen Ceremonial poles in Pacific Northwest, Canada/USA, traditional. Cob Houses Devon Hassan Fathy Traditional earthen homes in Devon, England. Colonial Houses local craftsmen Residential buildings from colonial periods, primarily in the Americas. Colonial Williamsburg Virginia, USA Historic district in Virginia, USA, 18th century. Colosseum Rome, Italy Roman amphitheater in Rome, Italy (80 CE), with concrete, travertine, and tuff. Community Center Denmark Generic community center, Denmark, contemporary. Community Cultural Hub Michael Maltzan Multipurpose cultural center in various locations. Cooper Union 41 New York, USA Academic building in New York, USA, 2009. Copan 800 CE · Honduras Maya city in Honduras (circa 400–800 CE), with stone pyramids and stelae. Copenhagen Eco House Bjarke Ingels Sustainable residence in Copenhagen, Denmark, designed for energy efficiency. Copenhagen Housing Project Copenhagen, Denmark Modern residential complex in Copenhagen, Denmark, 21st century. Copenhill Copenhagen, Denmark Waste-to-energy plant in Copenhagen, Denmark, 2017. Copper House New Delhi, India Residential building in New Delhi, India, 2008. Coricancha 1438 CE · Cusco, Peru Incan temple in Cusco, Peru (circa 1438 CE), known for precise stone masonry. Corinthian Column Classical architectural element used in ancient Greek and Roman structures. Cubist House Prague Josef Chochol Residential building in Prague, Czech Republic, 1913. Cuernavaca Library Cuernavaca, Mexico Library in Cuernavaca, Mexico, 20th century. Cultural Pavilion Italy Temporary pavilion showcasing Italian cultural heritage. Curve Pavilion Temporary experimental structure showcasing innovative design. Cuzco Walls Cusco, Peru Incan stone walls in Cusco, Peru (13th–15th century CE), with precise masonry. Dambulla Cave Temple Sri Lanka Buddhist cave complex in Sri Lanka (circa 1st century BCE), with rock-cut shrines and frescoes. Dandenong Government Offices Dandenong, Australia Government building in Dandenong, Australia, 2010s. Dashavatara Temple Deogarh, India Hindu temple in Deogarh, India, built c. 6th century. Dazu Rock Carvings Chongqing, China Buddhist, Taoist, and Confucian rock reliefs in Chongqing, China (circa 7th–13th century). Dendera Temple Dendera Ancient Egyptian temple in Dendera (circa 1st century BCE), with sandstone carvings. Diagonal Norte Buenos Aires, Argentina Urban avenue in Buenos Aires, Argentina, 20th century. Dieng Plateau Temples Java, Indonesia Hindu temples in Java, Indonesia (circa 8th century CE), with stone structures. Digital Water Pavilion Zaragoza, Spain Experimental structure in Zaragoza, Spain, built 2008. Diné Villages Traditional Navajo hogans. Dogon Villages Mali West African settlements. Dong Villages Yao Villages Traditional villages of the Dong people in southern China. Dry Stone Walls Yorkshire Yorkshire, UK Traditional English walls. Durga Temple Aihole Aihole, India Hindu temple in Aihole, India, 7th century. Dwaraka Gujarat, India Ancient Indian city. Earth Lodge 1800 CE · North America Native American semi-subterranean dwellings in North America (circa 700–1800 CE), used by Plains tribes. Earthship Taos New Mexico Sustainable off-grid homes in New Mexico. Easter Island Moai Polynesian Craftsmen Monumental statues on Easter Island, Chile. Eastern Cape Villages Eastern Cape, South Africa Rural settlements in Eastern Cape, South Africa, traditional–present. Eastgate Centre Harare, Zimbabwe Commercial building in Harare, Zimbabwe, 1996. Eastlake Houses SF San Francisco, USA Victorian San Francisco homes. Eco Pavilion Conceptual sustainable structure, global, contemporary. Eco Village Sustainable community settlements globally, emphasizing green living. Eco Village Denmark Denmark Sustainable Danish community. Edzna 1000 CE · Mexico Maya city in Mexico (circa 400 BCE–1000 CE), with stone pyramids and plazas. Eiffel Tower 1889 · Paris, France Iron lattice tower in Paris, France (1889), an engineering marvel by Gustave Eiffel. Einstein Tower Potsdam, Germany Observatory in Potsdam, Germany, 1921. English Cottages Residences in rural England, medieval–present. Epidaurus Theatre Epidaurus, Greece Ancient Greek amphitheatre in Epidaurus, Greece (4th century BCE), with stone seating. Erechtheion Athens, Greece Classical Greek temple. Ewha Womans University South Korea Modern campus in South Korea. Famen Temple 900 CE · Shaanxi, China Buddhist temple in Shaanxi, China (circa 200–900 CE), with a modern pagoda reconstruction. FAU USP Vilanova Artigas Architecture faculty building in São Paulo, Brazil, 1961. Forbidden Purple City Hue, Vietnam Vietnamese imperial complex. Forest House Residence, location unclear, contemporary. Fulani Shelters West Africa West African nomadic homes. Fushimi Inari Shrine 711 CE · Kyoto, Japan Shinto shrine in Kyoto, Japan (711 CE), with thousands of red torii gates. Gaborone Villages Rural settlements near Gaborone, Botswana, blending traditional and modern. Gallartese Complex local craftsmen Modernist housing complex in Lisbon, Portugal. Galleria d’Arte Moderna Bologna Bologna, Italy Museum in Bologna, Italy, 1975. Galleria di Milano 1877 · Milan, Italy Shopping arcade in Milan, Italy, 1865–1877. Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II Milan, Italy Shopping arcade in Milan, Italy, completed 1877. Gamble House Pasadena, USA Craftsman residence in Pasadena, USA, completed 1908. Gangaikonda Cholapuram Chola Craftsmen Hindu temple in Tamil Nadu, India, built by the Chola dynasty. Gangaikonda Temple Chola Craftsmen Hindu temple in Tamil Nadu, India, a Chola dynasty masterpiece. Gapura Wringin Lawang Trowulan, Indonesia Majapahit gate in Trowulan, Indonesia (14th century CE), with red brick. Gärdet Urban Plan Stockholm, Sweden Modernist urban district. Gateway Arch St. Louis, USA Monument in St. Louis, USA, 1965. Gedong Songo Java, Indonesia Hindu temple complex in Java, Indonesia (8th–9th century), with hilltop shrines. Ger Mongolia. Core Characteristics Circular Mongolian nomadic dwelling. Getty Center Los Angeles, USA Museum complex in Los Angeles, USA, 1997. Giac Lam Pagoda Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam Pagoda in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, 1744. Giant’s Causeway Northern Ireland Natural basalt formation. Ginkaku-ji 1482 CE · Kyoto, Japan Zen temple in Kyoto, Japan (1482 CE), with a silver pavilion and minimalist garden. Giralda Seville Seville, Spain Islamic-Christian tower. Glasgow School of Art 1899 · Glasgow, UK Arts and Crafts masterpiece. Golden Temple 1604 CE · Amritsar, India Sikh religious site in Amritsar, India (completed 1604 CE), known for its gold-plated dome. Golestan Palace 1896 CE · Tehran, Iran Qajar palace in Tehran, Iran (1524–1896 CE), with ornate tiles and mirrored halls. Gond Villages Central India Traditional settlements in Central India, pre-colonial. Gorkhi Park Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia Mongolian cultural park. Grand Central Terminal New York City, USA Railway station in New York City, USA, 1913. Great Wall of China China Chinese defensive structure. Great Wild Goose Pagoda 652 CE · Xi'an, China Buddhist pagoda in Xi'an, China (652 CE), with brick and timber. Great Zimbabwe Zimbabwe Stone-walled city in Zimbabwe (circa 11th–15th century CE), center of the Shona civilization. Grosses Schauspielhaus Berlin, Germany Theater in Berlin, Germany, 1919. Grossman House Maitland, Australia Historic residence in Maitland, Australia. Guarani Villages South America Traditional settlements in South America, pre-colonial. Guggenheim Abu Dhabi Abu Dhabi, UAE. Core Characteristics Organic Modern art museum. Gunn House colonial craftsmen Historic colonial residence in Virginia, USA, reflecting early American design. Gunung Kawi Bali, Indonesia Rock-cut temple complex in Bali, Indonesia (circa 11th century), with shrines carved into cliffs. Gunya Shelters Australia Australian Aboriginal dwellings. Gur-e-Amir 1404 · Samarkand, Uzbekistan Mausoleum in Samarkand, Uzbekistan, 1403–1404. Ha Long Floating Villages Vietnam Vietnamese water-based settlements. Haeinsa Temple 802 CE · South Korea Buddhist temple in South Korea (circa 802 CE), housing the Tripitaka Koreana woodblocks. Haʻamonga ʻa Maui Tonga Polynesian stone trilithon. Hampi Complex Karnataka, India Temple complex in Karnataka, India, 14th–16th century. Hampi Ruins India Vijayanagara capital in India (circa 14th–16th century), with temples and civic structures. Hanging Gardens of Babylon Legendary terraced gardens in ancient Mesopotamia (circa 6th century BCE), possibly mythical. Hannover Expo 2000 Frei Otto Pavilions for the World Expo 2000 in Hannover, Germany. Harappa Pakistan Ancient city in Pakistan, 2600–1900 BCE. Harcourt Housing Hong Kong Social housing complex in Hong Kong. Harvard Yard Cambridge, USA Historic university campus buildings. Harwich Town Hall Harwich, UK Victorian civic building. Hatra Iraq Parthian city in Iraq (circa 2nd century CE), with temples blending Hellenistic and Persian styles. Haus Tambaran Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinean ceremonial house. Haw Phra Kaew Vientiane, Laos Temple in Vientiane, Laos, 1565–rebuilt 20th century. Hawaiian Hale Hawaii Traditional residences in Hawaii, pre-colonial–present. Hempcrete House Eco-friendly residence, global, contemporary. Herculaneum Italy Roman city in Italy (circa 1st century BCE–79 CE), with brick and stone villas. Hmong Village Houses Traditional houses in Hmong villages, Southeast Asia. Hochhausstadt Conceptual high-rise city, Germany, 1920s. Hogan 1000 CE · Arizona, USA Navajo traditional dwelling in Arizona, USA (circa 1000 CE–present), with earth and timber. Hoi An Ancient Town Vietnam Historic port town in Vietnam (15th–19th century CE), with timber and brick. Holly Lodge London, UK Residence in London, UK, 19th century. Hollywood Walk of Fame local craftsmen Iconic public sidewalk in Los Angeles, USA, honoring entertainment figures. Hoover Vacuum Building London, UK Art Deco industrial structure. Horyu-ji 607 CE · Nara, Japan Buddhist temple in Nara, Japan (607 CE), with the world’s oldest wooden structures. Horyuji Pagoda Nara, Japan Temple in Nara, Japan, 7th century. Hôtel des Invalides 1678 · Paris, France Baroque complex in Paris, France. Hôtel Tassel 1894 · Brussels, Belgium Private residence in Brussels, Belgium, 1893–1894. House in Kobe Kobe, Japan Residence in Kobe, Japan, contemporary. House in Yamanashi Yamanashi, Japan Residence in Yamanashi, Japan, contemporary. House NA Tokyo, Japan Residence in Tokyo, Japan, 2011. Houses of Parliament 1870 · Charles Barry Gothic Revival palace in London, UK, housing the UK Parliament. Hoxie House Sandwich, USA Residence in Sandwich, USA, c. 1675. Hoysaleswara Temple Hoysala craftsmen Hindu temple in Karnataka, India. Huaca de la Luna Trujillo, Peru Temple in Trujillo, Peru, 100–800 CE. Huaca del Luna 800 CE · Peru Moche ceremonial center in Peru (circa 100–800 CE), with adobe pyramids and murals. Huaca del Sol 800 CE · Peru Moche adobe pyramid in Peru (circa 100–800 CE), a monumental religious structure. Huaca Pucllana 700 CE · Lima, Peru Lima culture pyramid in Lima, Peru (200–700 CE), with adobe and clay. Hudson Yards New York City, USA. Core Characteristics Skyscrapers New York mixed-use development. Huexotla 1500 CE · Mexico Mesoamerican site in Mexico (1200–1500 CE), with stone structures and plazas. Humayun’s Tomb 1570 CE · Delhi, India Mughal mausoleum in Delhi, India (1570 CE), with red sandstone and a double dome. Hunting Chair Misnamed; likely refers to a furniture piece, not a building. Huwon Secret Garden 1463 CE · Seoul, South Korea Joseon dynasty garden in Seoul, South Korea (1463 CE), with pavilions and ponds. Icehotel Sweden Seasonal hotel in Jukkasjärvi, Sweden, 1989–present. Idea Store London, UK Library in London, UK, 2000s. Igbo Compounds Igbo Craftsmen Traditional family compounds in Igbo culture, Nigeria. Igbo Uzoala Nigeria Traditional Igbo communal compounds. Independence Hall 1753 · Philadelphia, USA Historic civic building in Philadelphia, USA. Indraprastha Indus craftsmen Legendary ancient city in India, associated with the Mahabharata. Infinite Corridor House Conceptual residential project, global, contemporary. Ingapirca Ecuador Incan archaeological site in Ecuador (circa 15th century CE), with stone masonry. Inka Revival Houses Peru Residences in Peru, 20th century–present. Innovation Center UC ELEMENTAL's inverted concrete monolith for the Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago (2014), opened courtyards carved inward. Inuit Sod Houses Traditional dwellings in Arctic regions, pre-colonial. Irish Stone Cottages Residences in rural Ireland, traditional–present. Iron Pagoda 1049 · Kaifeng, China Song Dynasty tower. Ise Grand Shrine Japan Shinto shrine in Japan (circa 4th century CE, rebuilt periodically), embodying simplicity and renewal. Isfahan Naqsh-e Jahan Square 1602 CE · Isfahan, Iran Safavid urban square in Isfahan, Iran (1602 CE), with brick and tilework. Ismail Samani Mausoleum Bukhara, Uzbekistan Persian Islamic tomb. Itsukushima Shrine Shinto shrine on Miyajima, Japan (12th century CE), with a floating torii gate. Jagannath Temple Puri, India Hindu temple in Puri, India (circa 12th century CE), with a towering shikhara. Jago Temple East Java, Indonesia Buddhist-Hindu temple in East Java, Indonesia (circa 13th century), with terraced structure. Japan Pavilion Expo Temporary pavilion, various locations, contemporary. Japanese Temples Japan Traditional Buddhist shrines. Jerash Jordan Roman city in Jordan (circa 1st–3rd century CE), with colonnaded streets and temples. Jesuit College Rome Rome, Italy Baroque educational institution. Jetavanaramaya Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka Buddhist stupa in Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka (3rd century CE), with brick masonry. Jewels of Salamanca Salamanca, Spain Renaissance buildings in Salamanca, Spain. Jewish Museum Berlin Berlin, Germany Museum in Berlin, Germany, 2001. Jim Thompson House Bangkok, Thailand Residence in Bangkok, Thailand, 1959. Jinci Temple Shanxi, China Taoist temple in Shanxi, China (11th century CE), with timber and stone. Jingdezhen Imperial Kiln Museum Jingdezhen, China Museum in Jingdezhen, China, 2020. Joglo Houses Java, Indonesia Traditional residences in Java, Indonesia, pre-colonial–present. Jokhang Temple Lhasa, Tibet Buddhist temple in Lhasa, Tibet (7th century CE), with stone and timber. Jokhang Temple Lhasa Lhasa, Tibet Tibetan Buddhist temple in Lhasa, Tibet (7th century CE), with stone and timber. Jones House Residence, location unspecified, modern. Jongmyo Shrine 1394 CE · Seoul, South Korea Confucian shrine in Seoul, South Korea (1394 CE), with minimalist wooden halls. Kailasa Temple Ellora, India Rock-cut Hindu temple in Ellora, India (circa 8th century), a monolithic marvel with intricate carvings. Kalabsha Temple Nubia Ancient Egyptian temple in Nubia (30 BCE), with sandstone and reliefs. Kalasan Temple Java, Indonesia Buddhist temple in Java, Indonesia (8th century CE), with stone and reliefs. Kamakhya Temple Assam, India Hindu pilgrimage site. Kampong Ayer Brunei Brunei water village. Kampung Houses Traditional village homes in Malaysia and Indonesia, pre-20th century. Kandariya Mahadeva Khajuraho, India Medieval Hindu temple. Kandariya Mahadeva Temple 1030 CE · Khajuraho, India Hindu temple in Khajuraho, India (circa 1030 CE), with intricate stone carvings. Karnak Egyptian craftsmen Ancient Egyptian temple complex in Luxor, Egypt, dedicated to Amun-Ra. Karnak Temple Egyptian craftsmen Ancient Egyptian temple complex in Luxor, Egypt. Karunaratne House Sri Lanka Residential house in Sri Lanka, 20th century. Kashi Vishwanath Temple Chola Craftsmen Hindu temple in Varanasi, India, dedicated to Lord Shiva. Kathmandu Durbar Kathmandu, Nepal Nepalese royal square. Kathmandu Durbar Square Kathmandu, Nepal Historic royal plaza in Kathmandu, Nepal. Katsura Villa Kyoto, Japan Imperial villa in Kyoto, Japan, 17th century. Kaufmann House Palm Springs, USA Residence in Palm Springs, USA, 1946. Kayan Villages Borneo, Malaysia Southeast Asian dwellings. Kedleston Hall 1765 · Derbyshire, England Neoclassical English country house. Kgotla Compounds Botswana Traditional meeting spaces in Botswana, pre-colonial. Khajuraho Temples 1150 CE · India Hindu and Jain temples in India (circa 950–1150 CE), with erotic carvings and nagara architecture. Khami Ruins Shona craftsmen Archaeological site in Zimbabwe, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Khmer Village Houses Cambodia Traditional homes in Cambodia, pre-colonial. Kidal Temple East Java, Indonesia Hindu temple in East Java, Indonesia (circa 13th century CE), with andesite stone. Kingo Houses Modern Danish residences. Kinkaku-ji 1397 CE · Kyoto, Japan Zen Buddhist temple in Kyoto, Japan (1397 CE), with gold-leafed pavilion. Kizhi Pogost Russian wooden architecture. Kodak Pavilion Modernist exhibition space. Kofuku-ji 710 CE · Nara, Japan Buddhist temple in Nara, Japan (710 CE), with timber and pagoda. Kohunlich 900 CE · Mexico Maya site in Mexico (circa 200–900 CE), known for its Temple of the Masks and stucco work. Komi Villages Traditional wooden settlements of the Komi people. Konark Sun Temple 1290 CE · Odisha, India Hindu temple in Odisha, India (circa 1290 CE), designed as a chariot with carved wheels. Kongo Compounds Congo Villages in Congo, traditional–present. Kongo Villages Central African dwellings. Kragsyde Manchester-by-the-Sea, USA Shingle-style seaside mansion. Kumasi Villages Kumasi, Ghana Traditional settlements in Kumasi, Ghana, pre-colonial–present. Lake Titicaca Floating Islands Peru Unique floating settlements in Peru, built by the Uros people. Lakota Camps Great Plains, USA Nomadic settlements in Great Plains, USA, traditional–19th century. Lamu Old Town local craftsmen Historic Swahili settlement in Kenya, known for cultural heritage. Lao Village Houses Laos Traditional homes in Laos, pre-colonial. Laurie Baker Centre Laurie Baker Sustainable architecture hub in Trivandrum, India, founded 2009. LC4 Chaise Longue Modernist furniture piece. Le Havre City Hall Le Havre, France Civic building in Le Havre, France, 1958. Leaning Tower of Pisa 1372 CE · Pisa, Italy Romanesque bell tower in Pisa, Italy (1372 CE), with marble and unintended tilt. Learning from Las Vegas Las Vegas, USA Postmodern theoretical study. Leshan Giant Buddha 803 CE · Sichuan, China Rock-carved Buddha statue in Sichuan, China (713–803 CE), 71 meters tall. Linderhof Palace 1878 · Bavaria, Germany Ornate Bavarian palace. Lingaraj Temple Bhubaneswar, India Hindu temple in Bhubaneswar, India (circa 11th century CE), with a towering shikhara. Lisbon Aqueduct Lisbon, Portugal Baroque engineering marvel. Lisbon Obelisk Lisbon, Portugal Commemorative monument in Lisbon, Portugal. Londa Burial Caves Sulawesi, Indonesia Indonesian rock-cut tombs. London Civic Center London, UK Administrative complex in London, UK, 20th century. London Eco House London, UK Sustainable urban residence. London Office Hub London, UK Modern office complex in London, UK, designed for collaborative workspaces. Longmen Grottoes 1127 CE · Henan, China Buddhist rock-cut caves in Henan, China (circa 493–1127 CE), with carved statues. Louvre Museum Paris, France Historic French museum. Luba Chieftain Houses DR Congo Traditional residences in DR Congo, pre-colonial. Luba Villages DR Congo Central African settlements. Lunda Compounds Central African residences. Lunda Villages Settlements in Congo/Angola, traditional–present. Lyndhurst Mansion 1865 · Tarrytown, USA Mansion in Tarrytown, USA, 1838–1865. Machu Picchu Peru Incan city in Peru (15th century CE), with precise stone masonry. Madain Saleh Saudi Arabia Nabataean rock-cut tombs in Saudi Arabia (circa 1st century CE), with carved facades. Madurai Meenakshi Temple Madurai, India Hindu temple in Madurai, India, 12th–18th century. Madurai Temple Madurai, India Hindu temple in Madurai, India (6th–16th century CE), with stone gopurams and carvings. Mahabalipuram Tamil Nadu, India Temple complex in Tamil Nadu, India, 7th–8th centuries. Mahaparinirvana Temple Kushinagar, India Buddhist temple in Kushinagar, India (5th century CE), with brick and stucco. Maison Lumière Conceptual purist house. Majolikahaus 1899 · Vienna, Austria Residential building in Vienna, Austria, 1898–1899. Maldivian Villages local craftsmen Traditional coastal settlements in the Maldives, adapted to tropical climates. Malinalco 1501 CE · Mexico Aztec rock-cut temple in Mexico (1501 CE), with stone and stucco. Mallikarjuna Temple Andhra Pradesh, India Hindu temple in Andhra Pradesh, India, built c. 7th century. Maluti Villages Jharkhand, India Indian temple clusters. Marine Air Terminal New York, USA Airport terminal in New York, USA, 1940. Mark Twain House Hartford, USA Residence in Hartford, USA, 1874. Marsh Arab Houses Iraq Traditional reed dwellings in Iraq. Massachusetts State House 1798 · Boston, USA Federal-style capitol. Masuya Takayama, Japan Traditional Japanese merchant house in Takayama, Japan. Matteotti Village Terni, Italy Modernist housing complex. Mayan Temples Mayan craftsmen Religious structures in Mesoamerica, 300 BCE–900 CE. Mayo Clinic Rochester, USA Medical complex in Rochester, USA, 1914–present. Mazzorbo Housing Giancarlo De Carlo Modern social housing on Mazzorbo Island, Venice, Italy, completed in 1980s. Mbanza Kongo Central African craftsmen Historic capital of the Kongo Kingdom in Angola. McKay House Residence, location unclear, 20th century. Medellín Housing Social housing projects in Medellín, Colombia. Meenakshi Temple Madurai, India Hindu temple in Madurai, India (6th–17th century CE), with stone gopurams and carvings. Melbourne Cricket Ground Melbourne, Australia Stadium in Melbourne, Australia, 1853–present. Mendut Temple Java, Indonesia Buddhist temple in Java, Indonesia (9th century CE), with stone and reliefs. Menil Drawing Institute Houston, USA. Core Characteristics Minimalist Minimalist art space. Mentmore Towers 1854 · Buckinghamshire, UK Country house in Buckinghamshire, UK, 1852–1854. Mesopotamian Reed Houses Iraq Traditional dwellings of the Madan people in Iraq. Mestre Housing Mestre, Portugal. Core Characteristics Functional Portuguese modernist residences. METI School Anna Heringer Experimental school in Rudrapur, Bangladesh, completed 2005. Miami Children's Museum Miami, USA Museum in Miami, USA, 2003. Milan Civic Center Gio Ponti Modern civic complex in Milan, Italy. Milan Metro Station Milan, Italy Modern transit hub. Minimal House Shanghai Shanghai, China Residence in Shanghai, China, contemporary. Minsheng Museum of Modern Art Studio Zhu Pei's conversion of a Panasonic factory in Beijing's 798 district (2015), China's largest private museum of contemporary art. Mitla 1400 CE · Oaxaca, Mexico Zapotec site in Oaxaca, Mexico (circa 700–1400 CE), with stone and geometric mosaics. Moche Pyramids 800 CE · Peru Adobe pyramids in Peru (circa 100–800 CE), including Huaca del Sol and Huaca de la Luna. Mogao Caves Dunhuang, China Buddhist cave temples in Dunhuang, China (4th–14th century CE), with rock-cut murals. Mohenjo-Daro Sindh, Pakistan Indus Valley city. MoMA Expansion New York, USA Museum expansion in New York, USA, 2019. Mon Villages Traditional Southeast Asian settlements. Mongolian Gers Mongolia Portable nomadic tents. Monks Mound Illinois, USA Mississippian earth pyramid. Monte Albán 750 CE · Oaxaca, Mexico Zapotec city in Oaxaca, Mexico (circa 500 BCE–750 CE), with pyramids and plazas. Monte Amiata Housing Milan, Italy. Core Characteristics Geometric Italian modernist complex. Monticello 1809 · Thomas Jefferson Neoclassical estate in Virginia, USA, designed by Thomas Jefferson . Monument Valley Hogans Traditional Navajo dwellings, USA, traditional. Moray Terraces Peru Incan agricultural terraces in Peru (circa 15th century CE), with concentric circular designs. Mossi Compounds Burkina Faso Traditional Burkina Faso homesteads. Mount Eliza Community Center Victoria, Australia Modern Australian community hub. Mount Tai Temples Shandong, China Daoist and Confucian temples in Shandong, China (circa 3rd century BCE–present), with timber and stone. Mount Vernon Virginia, USA Georgian colonial estate. Mpumalanga Parliament Mbombela, South Africa Government building in Mbombela, South Africa, 1990s. Murphy House New Orleans, USA Residential home in New Orleans, USA, c. 19th century. My Son Vietnam Cham Hindu temples in Vietnam (4th–13th century CE), with brick towers and carvings. Mycenae 1600 · Greece Bronze Age citadel in Greece (1600–1100 BCE), with cyclopean stone walls. Nakanojyo City Hall Nakanojyo, Japan City hall in Nakanojyo, Japan, 20th century. Nalanda University Ruins India Ancient Buddhist university in India (circa 5th–12th century CE), with brick monasteries. Nan Madol Pohnpei, Micronesia Pacific stone city. Naoshima New Museum of Art Tadao Ando Contemporary art museum in Naoshima, Japan. Napier Street Housing Melbourne, Australia Residential complex in Melbourne, Australia, contemporary. Naqsh-e Jahan Square 1590 · Safavid craftsmen Historic public square in Isfahan, Iran, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Naqsh-e Rustam Iran Achaemenid rock-cut tombs in Iran (circa 5th century BCE), with royal reliefs. National Museum of African American History and Culture David Adjaye Smithsonian museum in Washington, D.C., completed 2016. Natural History Museum London, UK London’s Romanesque museum. Naumkeag Stockbridge, Massachusetts Gilded Age estate in Stockbridge, Massachusetts, 1886. Navajo Hogan 1700 CE · Southwest USA Navajo dwelling in Southwest USA (circa 1700 CE–present), with logs and earth. Nenet Chums Siberia Nomadic tents of Nenet people in Siberia. Neuschwanstein Castle 1886 CE · Bavaria, Germany Romanticist castle in Bavaria, Germany (1869–1886 CE), inspired by medieval architecture. New Mexico City Airport Norman Foster Modern airport terminal in Mexico City, designed for efficiency and sustainability. Niamey University Niamey, Niger Modern educational complex. Ningbo Museum Ningbo, China Museum in Ningbo, China, 2008. Nirvana House Conceptual or private residence, location unclear, contemporary. Nk’Mip Desert Cultural Centre Osoyoos, Canada Cultural centre in Osoyoos, Canada, completed 2006. Nkepile School local craftsmen Sustainable school in rural Africa, designed for community education. Northern Malawi Settlements Malawi Traditional villages in Malawi. Nuku’alofa Villages Traditional settlements in Nuku’alofa, Tonga. Nyarugenge Villages Rwanda Traditional settlements in Rwanda, pre-colonial era. Nyau Settlements Malawi Malawian ritual villages. Oconaluftee Council House North Carolina, USA Traditional Cherokee meeting hall. Old San Juan Puerto Rico Colonial Puerto Rican city. Olympic Stadium Berlin Berlin, Germany Stadium in Berlin, Germany, 1936. One Penn 1 New York, USA Office building in New York, USA, 1972, renovated 2020s. One Pillar Pagoda 1049 CE · Hanoi, Vietnam Buddhist temple in Hanoi, Vietnam (1049 CE), with a unique single-pillar design. Orkhon Valley Mongolian cultural landscape (8th–13th century CE), with stone and earth monuments. Oromo Settlements Oromo craftsmen Traditional villages of the Oromo people in Ethiopia. Oromo Villages Ethiopia Traditional settlements in Ethiopia, pre-colonial. Osaka Light House Osaka, Japan Conceptual or experimental structure in Osaka, Japan, contemporary. Osborne House 1851 · Thomas Cubitt Royal residence in Isle of Wight, UK, with Italianate design. Ospedale degli Innocenti 1445 · Florence, Italy Orphanage in Florence, Italy, 1419–1445. Outback Community Center Australian Outback Community hub in Australian Outback, contemporary. Outback Stations Australian Outback Rural homesteads in Australian Outback, 19th–20th centuries. Oxford University Oxford, England Historic academic campus in Oxford, England, dating to 11th century. PAC Bursary local craftsmen Performing arts center in a modern urban setting. Pachacamac 1450 CE · Peru Pre-Incan religious site in Peru (circa 200–1450 CE), with adobe pyramids and temples. Pagoda at Kew Gardens 1762 · London, UK Chinoiserie folly tower. Paimio Sanatorium Alvar Aalto Modernist hospital in Paimio, Finland, completed 1933. Pakistan Disaster Shelters Shigeru Ban Temporary shelters for disaster relief in Pakistan. Palace of Westminster 1870 · London, UK Gothic Revival parliament building in London, UK (1870), with iconic clock tower (Big Ben). Palais de Tokyo Paris, France Museum in Paris, France, 1937. Palais Garnier 1875 · Charles Garnier Iconic opera house in Paris, France, completed in 1875. Palapa Structures Traditional tropical shelters. Palau Bai Palau Traditional meeting house in Palau, pre-colonial. Palau de la Música Catalana Barcelona, Spain Concert hall in Barcelona, Spain, completed 1908. Palau Güell 1888 CE · Barcelona, Spain Modernist mansion in Barcelona, Spain (1888 CE), with stone and iron by Gaudí. Palazzo Pitti Courtyard Florence, Italy Renaissance courtyard space. Palazzo Vecchio 1299 CE · Florence, Italy Gothic town hall in Florence, Italy (1299 CE), with stone and crenelated roof. Palmyra Syria Ancient city in Syria (circa 1st–3rd century CE), with Roman and Hellenistic ruins, including the Temple of Bel. Pamir Villages High-altitude Central Asian settlements. Pan-Pacific Auditorium Los Angeles, USA Streamline Moderne venue. Panthéon, Paris 1790 · Paris, France Neoclassical mausoleum. Paris Opéra Garnier 1875 · Paris, France Opera house in Paris, France, 1861–1875. Pashupatinath Temple Kathmandu, Nepal Hindu temple in Kathmandu, Nepal (circa 5th century CE), with a pagoda-style roof. Pastoral Camps Nomadic seasonal shelters. Patagonia Ranches Patagonia, Argentina Rural dwellings in Patagonia, Argentina, built 19th–20th centuries. Pattadakal Temples Karnataka, India Chalukya temples in Karnataka, India (circa 8th century CE), with Dravidian and Nagara styles. Pawnee Earth Lodges Nebraska, USA Traditional dwellings of the Pawnee people in Nebraska, USA. Pawon Temple Java, Indonesia Buddhist temple in Java, Indonesia (circa 9th century), a small but ornate structure. Penataran Temple Java, Indonesia Hindu temple in Java, Indonesia (13th century CE), with stone and reliefs. Pergamon Altar Pergamon, Turkey Hellenistic Greek monument. Petit Palais Paris, France Museum in Paris, France, 1900. Petra Jordan Nabataean city in Jordan (circa 4th century BCE–2nd century CE), with rock-cut tombs and temples. Petra Treasury Jordan Nabataean rock-cut facade in Jordan (circa 1st century CE), with Hellenistic influences. Pettit and Sevitt Houses Australia. Core Characteristics Modular Modernist Australian homes. Philadelphia City Hall Philadelphia, USA. Core Characteristics Ornate American civic landmark. Phimai Temple Thailand Khmer temple in Thailand (11th–12th century CE), with sandstone prangs and lintels. Piazza Italia Carlos Raul Villanueva Public square in Mendoza, Argentina, showcasing neo-classical urban design. Piazza San Marco Venice, Italy Venetian civic square. Pirelli Tower Gio Ponti Modernist skyscraper in Milan, Italy, completed 1960. Pisac Ruins Peru Incan site in Peru (15th century CE), with stone terraces and temples. Planetarium Vancouver Vancouver, Canada Planetarium in Vancouver, Canada, 1968. Plaosan Temple Java, Indonesia Buddhist temple in Java, Indonesia (9th century CE), with stone and reliefs. PNG Spirit Houses Papua New Guinea Traditional Papua New Guinean ceremonial structures. Po Nagar Cham craftsmen Cham temple complex in Nha Trang, Vietnam. Polonnaruwa Sinhalese craftsmen Ancient city in Sri Lanka, 11th–13th century. Polonnaruwa Vatadage Sri Lanka Buddhist circular relic house in Sri Lanka (12th century CE), with stone columns. Pompeii Italy Roman city in Italy (circa 7th century BCE–79 CE), with preserved villas and temples. Pompeii Amphitheatre Pompeii, Italy Roman amphitheatre in Pompeii, Italy (70 BCE), with stone and earthworks. Pompeii Frescoes Pompeii, Italy Wall paintings in Pompeii, Italy, 1st century BCE–79 CE. Pompeii Houses Pompeii, Italy Ancient Roman residences preserved in Pompeii, Italy. Pompeii Mosaics Pompeii, Italy Ancient Roman decorative floors. Pompidou Metz Metz, France Museum in Metz, France, 2010. Pont du Gard France Roman aqueduct in France (circa 19 BCE), a masterpiece of Roman engineering. Ponte Santa Trinita 1569 · Florence, Italy Renaissance Italian bridge. Ponte Vecchio Florence, Italy Bridge in Florence, Italy, 1345. Poroto Kotan Hokkaido, Japan Ainu cultural village. Port Arthur colonial builders Historic penal colony in Tasmania, Australia, established in 1830. Poundbury Dorset, UK Urban extension in Dorset, UK. Prado Museum 1819 CE · Madrid, Spain Neoclassical museum in Madrid, Spain (1819 CE), with stone and brick. Prambanan Java, Indonesia Hindu temple complex in Java, Indonesia (9th century CE), with stone towers and carvings. Princeton University Princeton, New Jersey Historic campus in Princeton, New Jersey, founded 1746. Puʻuhonua o Hōnaunau Hawaii, USA Sacred site in Hawaii, USA, pre-colonial. Pumapunku 1000 CE · Bolivia Pre-Incan complex in Bolivia (600–1000 CE), with precision-cut stone. Puning Temple 1755 CE · Chengde, China Buddhist temple in Chengde, China (1755 CE), with timber and brick. Pura Luhur Uluwatu Bali, Indonesia Hindu temple in Bali, Indonesia (11th century CE), with stone carvings and ocean views. Purisima House Modern residence in an unspecified location. Putuo Zongcheng Temple 1771 CE · Chengde, China Buddhist temple in Chengde, China (1771 CE), blending Chinese and Tibetan styles. Pygmy Settlements Central African dwellings. Pyramids of Giza Imhotep Ancient Egyptian monumental tombs, including the Great Pyramid, built c. 2630 BCE. Qarmaq Arctic Canada Inuit semi-subterranean homes. Qarmaq Dwellings Inuit craftsmen Traditional Inuit stone shelters in Arctic regions. Qarmaq Houses Arctic Canada Inuit stone dwellings. Quechua Villages Andes Traditional settlements in Andes, Peru/Bolivia, pre-colonial. Queens House 1635 · Greenwich, UK Residence in Greenwich, UK, 1616–1635. Rammed Earth House Sustainable residence using compacted earth. Ramoche Temple Lhasa, Tibet Buddhist temple in Lhasa, Tibet (7th century CE), with Tibetan and Chinese influences. Rani ki Vav Gujarat, India Stepwell in Gujarat, India (11th century CE), with intricately carved stone. Raqchi Peru Incan temple complex in Peru (circa 15th century), with the Temple of Wiracocha and circular storehouses. Recycled Pavilion Temporary structure, global, contemporary. Red House 1860 · England. Overview Red House Arts and Crafts residence in England. Redlands University Redlands, California Campus in Redlands, California, blending historic and modern architecture. Regent Terraces Edinburgh, UK Residential terraces in Edinburgh, UK, 1820s. Registan Samarkand Samarkand, Uzbekistan Timurid architectural ensemble. Registan Square Samarkand, Uzbekistan Public square in Samarkand, Uzbekistan, 15th–17th century. Reliance Building 1895 · Chicago, USA Early skyscraper prototype. Rickard House Robin Boyd Modernist residence in Melbourne, Australia, built in 1950s. Rijksmuseum 1885 · Amsterdam, Netherlands Neo-Gothic Dutch museum. Ringwood Cultural Center local craftsmen Community arts center in Ringwood, Australia. Rio Community Center Community center in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, contemporary. Rockefeller Center Raymond Hood Art Deco complex in New York City, completed 1939. Roman Aqueducts Ancient water systems. Roman Baths Ancient Roman public baths. Roman Colosseum Rome, Italy Ancient amphitheater. Rooftecture Conceptual or experimental structures, Japan, contemporary. Rose Hall Montego Bay, Jamaica Plantation house in Montego Bay, Jamaica, 1770s. Rossio Station 1887 · José Luís Monteiro Historic railway station in Lisbon, Portugal, with neo-Manueline design. Rotorua Marae Rotorua, New Zealand Maori meeting grounds in Rotorua, New Zealand, traditional. Royal Albert Hall 1871 · London, UK Iconic concert hall in London, UK, known for its distinctive dome. Royal Crescent 1774 · Bath, UK Residential terrace in Bath, UK, 1767–1774. Rumah Adat Minangkabau Sumatra, Indonesia. Core Characteristics Curved Traditional Indonesian house. Rumah Gadang West Sumatra, Indonesia Traditional house in West Sumatra, Indonesia, pre-colonial. Rumah Melayu Traditional Malay houses, Malaysia, pre-colonial–present. Rupa Maha Thupa Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka Buddhist stupa. Rural Community Center local craftsmen Community hub in rural areas, designed for social gatherings. Rural Cultural Center Community hubs in rural areas, global, contemporary. Rural Studio Alabama, USA Community-driven architecture. Ryoan-ji 1450 CE · Kyoto, Japan Zen temple in Kyoto, Japan (circa 1450 CE), famous for its rock garden. Saadian Tombs 1603 CE · Marrakesh, Morocco Royal necropolis in Marrakesh, Morocco (circa 1578–1603 CE), with ornate stucco and tiles. Safdarjung Tomb 1754 CE · New Delhi, India Mughal tomb in New Delhi, India (1754 CE), with sandstone and marble. Sagrada Família 1882 · Barcelona, Spain Modernist basilica in Barcelona, Spain (1882–ongoing), with organic forms by Antoni Gaudí. Sagrada Família Basilica 1882 · Barcelona, Spain Unfinished Catholic basilica in Barcelona, Spain (1882–present), with Gothic and Art Nouveau elements by Antoni Gaudí. Sagrada Familia Towers 1882 CE · Barcelona, Spain Modernist basilica in Barcelona, Spain (ongoing since 1882 CE), with stone and concrete by Gaudí. Salado Ruins 1450 CE · Arizona, USA Ancient Native American structures in Arizona, USA, built by the Salado culture (circa 1150–1450 CE), known for distinctive masonry and cliff dwellings. Sambisari Temple Yogyakarta, Indonesia Hindu temple in Yogyakarta, Indonesia (9th century CE), with stone and volcanic rock. Sami Cabins Scandinavia Traditional dwellings in Scandinavia, pre-colonial–present. Sami Goahti Traditional dwellings of Sami people, Arctic Europe, traditional. Sami Lavvu Scandinavian nomadic tent. Samoan Fale Samoa Open traditional Samoan houses. Samosir Villages Sumatra, Indonesia Batak traditional settlements. San Simon Cultural Center Guatemala Cultural hub in Guatemala, contemporary. Sanchi Stupa Madhya Pradesh, India Buddhist monument in Madhya Pradesh, India (circa 3rd century BCE), with carved gateways. Santa Barbara Courthouse Santa Barbara, USA Courthouse in Santa Barbara, USA, 1929. Santa Fe Adobe Santa Fe, USA Traditional Southwestern homes. Santorini Houses local craftsmen Iconic whitewashed homes in Santorini, Greece, built into cliffs. São Paulo Social Housing Modern housing projects in São Paulo, Brazil, 21st century. Sari Temple Java, Indonesia Buddhist temple in Java, Indonesia (9th century CE), with stone and carvings. Sarnath Uttar Pradesh, India Buddhist pilgrimage site. Saxman Totem Park Alaska, USA Native Alaskan cultural site. Schomburg Center Harlem, New York Research library in Harlem, New York, completed 1980. School Bangladesh local craftsmen Sustainable school in rural Bangladesh, designed for education access. Sea Ranch Condominium California, USA Housing in California, USA, 1965. Seaside, Florida Andres Duany Planned community in Florida, USA. Secession Building Vienna, Austria Exhibition hall in Vienna, Austria, 1898. Second Bank of the USA 1824 · Philadelphia, USA Neoclassical civic building. Selfridges Birmingham Birmingham, UK Department store in Birmingham, UK, 2003. Senanayake Flats Colombo, Sri Lanka Sri Lankan modernist housing. Sendai Mediatheque Sendai, Japan. Core Characteristics Transparent Japanese modernist library. Senso-ji 645 CE · Tokyo, Japan Buddhist temple in Tokyo, Japan (645 CE), with a vibrant red Kaminarimon gate. Seokguram Grotto 751 CE · South Korea Buddhist cave temple in South Korea (circa 751 CE), with a granite Buddha statue. Sepik Spirit Houses Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinean ceremonial structures. Serpentine Pavilion London, UK Temporary architectural experiment. Sewu Temple Java, Indonesia Buddhist temple in Java, Indonesia (8th century CE), with stone and stupas. Sgang Gwaay Village British Columbia, Canada Haida heritage site. Shakaland Village Zulu craftsmen Traditional Zulu village in South Africa, for cultural preservation. Shalimar Gardens 1642 CE · Lahore, Pakistan Mughal garden complex in Lahore, Pakistan (1642 CE), with marble and water channels. Shan Village Temples Shan craftsmen Traditional Buddhist temples in Shan State, Myanmar. Shore Temple Mamallapuram, India Indian coastal temple. Shukhov Tower Moscow, Russia Radio tower in Moscow, Russia, 1922. Shwedagon Pagoda Yangon, Myanmar Buddhist stupa in Yangon, Myanmar (circa 6th century CE), with gold-plated dome. Siksika Encampments Canada Blackfoot nomadic dwellings. Singhasari Temple East Java, Indonesia Hindu temple in East Java, Indonesia (circa 13th century CE), with stone reliefs. Skyline Residence Modern high-rise residence in an unspecified location. Slate House Residence, location unspecified, contemporary. Small Wild Goose Pagoda 707 CE Buddhist pagoda in Xi’an, China (707 CE), with brick and timber structure. Smithsonian Arts and Industries 1881 · Washington, D.C Historic museum in Washington, D.C. Snake House Conceptual or experimental residence, location unclear, contemporary. Snaketown Arizona, USA Hohokam settlement. Snow Village Lapland, Finland Seasonal structures in Lapland, Finland, 2000–present. SoHo Cast-Iron New York, USA Buildings in New York, USA, 19th century. Solaris Tower Office tower, location unclear, contemporary. Somali Aqal Somalia Nomadic dwellings in Somalia, pre-colonial–present. Songyang Bamboo Pavilion Songyang, China Modern bamboo community structure. South Yarra House Melbourne, Australia Modern Australian residence with open design. Soweto Housing Johannesburg, South Africa Residential area in Johannesburg, South Africa, 20th century–present. Spanish Chair Not a building, but a furniture design by Børge Mogensen. Springtecture H Shuhei Endo's spiral of corrugated steel in a Harima park, Japan (1998) — reportedly one of the most famous public toilets in the world. Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple Tamil Nadu, India Hindu temple in Tamil Nadu, India (circa 10th century CE), with expansive gopurams and courtyards. St Kilda Residence Melbourne, Australia Residential house in Melbourne, Australia, 21st century. St Pancras Station London, UK Train station in London, UK, 1868. Stanford University Stanford, California Campus in Stanford, California, founded 1885. Statue of Liberty New York, USA Monument in New York, USA, 1886. Step Up on Fifth Santa Monica, USA Housing in Santa Monica, USA, 2009. Steppe Encampments Central Asia Nomadic Central Asian dwellings. Stockholm Housing Stockholm, Sweden. Core Characteristics Functional Modern Swedish residences. Stone Walls Yorkshire Yorkshire, England Historic dry-stone walls in Yorkshire, England, c. medieval–19th century. Straw Bale House Sustainable residences using straw bales, global, 19th century–present. Sudanian Compounds local craftsmen Traditional residential compounds in Sudan, reflecting cultural and climatic adaptation. Sukhothai Ancient Thai city (circa 13th–14th century CE), with brick temples and Buddha statues. Sun Temple Modhera 1026 CE · Gujarat, India Hindu temple in Gujarat, India (circa 1026 CE), with intricate stone carvings and a stepped tank. Sundarbans Villages Sundarbans Settlements in Sundarbans, India/Bangladesh, pre-colonial–present. Sungbo’s Eredo Nigeria Defensive wall in Nigeria, built c. 10th century. Sunlit Smile School local craftsmen Eco-friendly school designed for natural light and sustainability. Sunshine Coast House local craftsmen Modern beachfront residence in Queensland, Australia. Superleggera Chair Gio Ponti Iconic lightweight chair designed in Italy. Svaneti Towers local craftsmen Medieval stone towers in Svaneti, Georgia, used for defense and residence. Swahili Settlements Swahili craftsmen Coastal trading towns in East Africa, blending African and Islamic styles. Swayambhunath Kathmandu, Nepal Nepalese Buddhist stupa. Sydney Bahá’í Temple Sydney, Australia Temple in Sydney, Australia, 1961. Sydney Coastal House Australia Modern coastal residence in Australia. Sydney Eco House Sydney, Australia Residence in Sydney, Australia, contemporary. Tahlequah Council House Oklahoma, USA Cherokee civic building. Taihei Tower Norman Foster Modern commercial tower in an urban setting. Tamaki Marae Auckland, New Zealand Ceremonial complex in Auckland, New Zealand, traditional–present. Taman Sari Yogyakarta 1758 CE · Indonesia Royal garden complex in Indonesia (1758 CE), with pools and pavilions. Tambo Colorado Peru Incan administrative center in Peru (circa 15th century CE), with adobe walls. Tana Toraja Villages Torajan Craftsmen Traditional villages in Sulawesi, Indonesia. Tanah Lot Bali, Indonesia Hindu temple in Bali, Indonesia (16th century CE), with stone on rocky outcrop. Taxila Ruins Pakistan Ancient South Asian city. Taxila Stupa Indus craftsmen Ancient Buddhist stupa in Taxila, Pakistan, part of a historic city. Tea House Tetsu Japan Traditional tea house in Japan, contemporary. Teatro del Mondo Venice Temporary floating theater in Venice. Tecpan 900 CE · Guatemala Maya administrative center in Guatemala (circa 400–900 CE), with stone structures. Tehuelche Shelters Patagonia, Argentina Nomadic dwellings of Tehuelche people in Patagonia, Argentina. Temple of Apollo, Delphi Delphi Ancient Greek temple in Delphi (circa 4th century BCE), with Doric columns. Temple of Athena Nike Callikrates Classical Greek temple in Athens, Greece. Temple of Heaven 1420 CE · Beijing, China Imperial altar complex in Beijing, China (1420 CE), with circular wooden halls. Temple of Literature Hanoi 1070 CE · Hanoi, Vietnam Confucian temple in Hanoi, Vietnam (1070 CE), with timber and brick. Temple of Nike Athens, Greece Classical Greek temple. Templo Mayor 1521 CE · Mexico City Aztec temple pyramid in Mexico City (circa 1325–1521 CE), central to religious ceremonies. Tenayuca Mexico Aztec pyramid in Mexico (circa 13th century CE), with stone and stucco construction. Tenochtitlan 1521 CE · Mexico Aztec capital in Mexico (1325–1521 CE), with stone pyramids and canals. Tent House Experimental lightweight residence inspired by nomadic structures. Teotihuacan 550 CE · Mexico Mesoamerican city in Mexico (circa 100 BCE–550 CE), with pyramids and urban grid. Terracotta Army Ancient Chinese mausoleum. Tesla Gigafactory local craftsmen Large-scale factory in Nevada, USA, for electric vehicle production. Texaco Service Stations Gas stations across USA, 1930s–1950s. Thai Traditional House Thailand Residences in Thailand, pre-colonial–present. Theater of Epidaurus Greece Ancient Greek amphitheater. Therme Vals Herzog & de Meuron Thermal spa in Vals, Switzerland, completed 1996. Tiahuanaco 1000 CE · Bolivia Pre-Incan city in Bolivia (200–1000 CE), with stone gateways and monolithic statues. Tibetan Villages Tibetan craftsmen Traditional settlements in Tibet. Tikal Temple I Tikal, Guatemala Mayan ceremonial pyramid. Timber Yard Housing Dublin, Ireland Modern residential complex in Dublin, Ireland, completed 2020. Tirta Empul 926 CE · Bali, Indonesia Hindu water temple in Bali, Indonesia (circa 926 CE), with sacred springs and bathing pools. Tivoli Gardens Pavilion Copenhagen, Denmark Pavilion in Copenhagen, Denmark, 19th century–present. Tiwanaku 900 CE · Bolivia Pre-Incan city in Bolivia (circa 400–900 CE), with stone gateways and monoliths. Tlatelolco 1521 CE · Mexico Aztec city in Mexico (1337–1521 CE), with stone pyramids and plazas. Tod’s Omotesando Tokyo, Japan Retail store in Tokyo, Japan, 2004. Todai-ji Nara, Japan Japanese Buddhist temple. Todaiji Temple 728 CE · Nara, Japan Buddhist temple in Nara, Japan (728 CE), with timber and bronze Buddha. Tokyo Minimal House Japan Modern minimalist residence in Japan. Tokyo Pavilion Tokyo, Japan Temporary pavilion in Tokyo, Japan, contemporary. Tokyo Sea Life Park Tokyo, Japan Aquarium in Tokyo, Japan, 1989. Tomb of Askia 1495 CE · Gao, Mali Adobe mausoleum in Gao, Mali (circa 1495 CE), a UNESCO site of Islamic architecture. Tomb of Jahangir 1637 CE · Lahore, Pakistan Mughal mausoleum in Lahore, Pakistan (1637 CE), with pietra dura and gardens. Tonga Villages Tonga Polynesian traditional settlements. Tongan Fale Tonga Traditional houses in Tonga, traditional–present. Tongdosa Temple 646 CE · South Korea Buddhist temple in South Korea (646 CE), with timber and stone structures. Tongkonan Houses Toraja Craftsmen Traditional Torajan houses in Sulawesi, Indonesia, known for distinctive roof shapes. Tonle Sap Houses Cambodia Cambodian floating homes. Totem Bight Village Alaska, USA Native Alaskan cultural site. Tour Bois-le-Prêtre Anne Lacaton Renovated residential tower in Paris, France. Toy Block House Experimental residence inspired by modular, playful design. Trades Union School local craftsmen Educational facility for labor training in a modern context. Trajan's Column Rome, Italy Roman commemorative monument. Tran Quoc Pagoda Hanoi, Vietnam Buddhist temple in Hanoi, Vietnam (6th century CE), with a multi-tiered tower. Transkei Villages South Africa Traditional South African homesteads. Trowulan Indonesia Majapahit archaeological site in Indonesia (13th–15th century CE), with brick temples. Tswana Kraal Tswana craftsmen Traditional Tswana village enclosures in Botswana and South Africa. Tudor Houses England English houses with half-timbered design. Tulum 1450 CE · Mexico Maya coastal city in Mexico (circa 1200–1450 CE), with stone temples and frescoes. Tumbuka Villages Traditional settlements in Malawi/Zambia, pre-colonial. Tuscan Farmhouse Tuscany, Italy Rural homes in Tuscany, Italy, traditional. UCLA Art Studio Art facility at UCLA, Los Angeles, USA, 20th century. Ulaanbaatar Encampments Mongolia Mongolian nomadic settlements. Ulun Danu Beratan 1633 CE · Bali, Indonesia Hindu temple in Bali, Indonesia (1633 CE), with thatched roofs and lake setting. Uluru Cultural Centre Cultural hub near Uluru, Australia, completed 1995. United Airlines Terminal Helmut Jahn Modern airport terminal at Chicago O'Hare, designed in 1987. University of New Mexico Albuquerque, USA Campus in Albuquerque, USA, 1889–present. University of Urbino Urbino, Italy University in Urbino, Italy, 1960s–1970s. University of Virginia 1825 · Charlottesville, USA Neoclassical American campus. Urban Garden Pavilion Temporary structure for urban greenery, global, contemporary. Urban Park Cartagena Cartagena, Colombia Public park in Cartagena, Colombia. US Capitol Washington, D.C. American legislative landmark. Uxmal 1000 CE · Mexico Maya city in Mexico (circa 700–1000 CE), known for its Puuc-style architecture and intricate stonework. V&A Dundee Kengo Kuma Design museum in Dundee, Scotland, completed 2018. Valley of the Queens Ancient Egyptian tombs. Varanasi Havelis Varanasi, India Traditional residences in Varanasi, India, 17th–19th century. Vat Phou Laos Khmer temple complex in Laos (circa 5th–13th century CE), with sandstone structures. Victoria Terminus 1888 · Mumbai, India Victorian Gothic station. Victorian Arts Centre Melbourne, Australia Cultural complex in Melbourne, Australia, 1984. Victorian Cottage UK. Core Characteristics Decorative Ornate British residence. Victorian Houses 19th-century ornate homes. Victorian Railings Decorative ironwork in Victorian-era architecture. Vilcashuamán Peru Incan administrative center in Peru (circa 15th century CE), with stone temples and plazas. Villa Kubo Residential house, location unclear, contemporary. Villa Medici Poggio a Caiano Tuscany, Italy Renaissance Italian villa. Villa Rotonda 1566 CE · Vicenza, Italy Renaissance villa in Vicenza, Italy (circa 1566 CE), designed by Andrea Palladio with perfect symmetry. Villa Torre local craftsmen Modernist residence in Italy, designed for minimalist luxury. Village Cultural Center Community hub designed to preserve and showcase local traditions. Village Library Small-scale libraries in rural communities worldwide. Village Retreat Michael Reynolds Eco-conscious retreat in rural settings. Virginia State Capitol 1788 · Richmond, USA Neoclassical government building. Virupaksha Temple Hampi, India Hindu temple in Hampi, India (circa 7th century CE), with a towering gopuram. Virupaksha Temple Pattadakal Pattadakal, India Indian Chalukya temple. Vittala Temple Hampi, India Dravidian temple complex. Wagenfeld Lamp Not a building, but a Bauhaus lamp design, Germany, 1924. Warli Villages Maharashtra, India Indian tribal dwellings. Warrandyte Cultural Center Warrandyte, Australia Community center in Warrandyte, Australia, contemporary. Warrumbungle Retreat Warrumbungle, Australia Eco-retreat in Warrumbungle, Australia, contemporary. Washington Monument 1884 · Washington, D.C. Neoclassical obelisk. Wat Arun Bangkok, Thailand Buddhist temple in Bangkok, Thailand (18th century CE), with porcelain-tiled prangs. Wat Chedi Liam 1297 CE · Chiang Mai, Thailand Buddhist temple in Chiang Mai, Thailand (circa 1297 CE), with a stepped pyramid stupa. Wat Chiang Man Chiang Mai, Thailand Thai Buddhist temple. Wat Mahathat Sukhothai, Thailand Buddhist temple in Sukhothai, Thailand (circa 13th century CE), with brick stupas. Wat Pho 1788 CE · Bangkok, Thailand Buddhist temple in Bangkok, Thailand (1788 CE), with brick and stucco. Wat Si Sawai Sukhothai, Thailand Hindu-Buddhist temple in Sukhothai, Thailand (circa 13th century CE), with Khmer-style prangs. Welsh Cottages local craftsmen Traditional rural homes in Wales, UK, using local materials. Westminster Palace 1870 · London, UK Parliament building in London, UK, 1840–1870. White Horse Temple Luoyang, China Buddhist temple in Luoyang, China (68 CE), with timber and brick. White House Washington, D.C. Presidential residence in Washington, D.C., USA, 1800. White U House Tokyo, Japan. Core Characteristics Minimalist Japanese minimalist residence. Wild Goose Pagoda Xi'an, China. Core Characteristics Tiered Chinese Buddhist pagoda. Wiltjas Australia Australian Aboriginal shelters. Wohnhaus Kinderhaus local craftsmen Modern residential and childcare facility in Germany. Women’s Community Center local craftsmen Community space designed for women’s empowerment and social activities. Woolley House Ken Woolley's own split-level family house, Mosman, Sydney (1962), the classic of the Sydney School. Wudang Mountains China Taoist temple complex in China (circa 14th–15th century), integrated with the landscape. Xochicalco 900 CE · Mexico Mesoamerican city in Mexico (700–900 CE), with stone pyramids and observatories. Xpujil 900 CE · Mexico Maya city in Mexico (circa 400–900 CE), with Rio Bec-style towers. Yakut Cabins Yakutsk, Russia Residences in Yakutsk, Russia, traditional–present. Yakutsk Cabins Yakutsk, Russia Residences in Yakutsk, Russia, traditional–modern. Yale University New Haven, USA Collegiate Gothic campus. Yap Meeting Houses Yap, Micronesia Traditional structures in Yap, Micronesia, pre-colonial. Yarra Valley House Yarra Valley, Australia Residential home in Yarra Valley, Australia, renovated 1986. Yasaka Shrine 656 CE · Kyoto, Japan Shinto shrine in Kyoto, Japan (circa 656 CE), with a distinctive red gate and lanterns. Yaxchilan 800 CE · Mexico Maya city in Mexico (400–800 CE), with stone lintels and temples. Yazd Qanats Yazd, Iran Underground water channels in Yazd, Iran, ancient. Yingxian Pagoda 1056 · Chinese craftsmen Ancient wooden pagoda in Shanxi, China, a Liao dynasty masterpiece. Yokohama Housing Yokohama, Japan Residential complex in Yokohama, Japan, contemporary. Yonghe Temple 1694 CE · Beijing, China Buddhist temple in Beijing, China (circa 1694 CE), blending Chinese and Tibetan styles. Yoruba Compounds Nigeria Traditional family residences in Nigeria, pre-colonial. Yuan Temples 1368 Temples from Yuan Dynasty, China, 1271–1368. Yueyang Tower Hunan, China Chinese historical pavilion. Yungang Grottoes Shanxi, China Buddhist cave temples in Shanxi, China (5th–6th century CE), with rock-cut sculptures. Yupik Sod Houses Alaska, USA Traditional dwellings of the Yupik people in Alaska, USA. Zanzibar Stone Town Zanzibar, Tanzania Historic district in Zanzibar, Tanzania, 19th century. Zaryadye Park Moscow, Russia Urban park in Moscow, Russia, 2017. Zawiya of Moulay Idriss Fez, Morocco Islamic shrine in Fez, Morocco (circa 9th century CE), with ornate stucco work. Ziggurat of Ur Sumerian craftsmen Ancient stepped pyramid in Iraq. Zimbabwe Bird Soapstone carvings at Great Zimbabwe (circa 13th–15th century CE), symbolic sculptures. Zulu Kraal South Africa Traditional South African settlement. Zulu Kraals South Africa Traditional Zulu homesteads.

Aceh Grand Mosque 1612 · Sumatra Historic mosque in Sumatra. Agha Bozorg Mosque Kashan, Iran Qajar mosque in Kashan, Iran (18th century CE), with brick domes and tilework. Al-Aqsa Mosque 705 CE · Jerusalem Islamic mosque in Jerusalem (705 CE), with stone and wooden roof. Al-Azhar Mosque Cairo, Egypt Mosque and university in Cairo, Egypt, founded 970. Al-Hakim Mosque 1013 · Cairo, Egypt. Core Characteristics Minarets Fatimid Islamic mosque. Alaeddin Mosque 1235 · Konya, Turkey Mosque in Konya, Turkey, 1156–1235. Alcázar of Segovia Segovia, Spain Medieval Spanish castle. Alcazar of Seville Seville, Spain Mudéjar palace in Seville, Spain (14th century CE), with stucco and tilework. Alcázar of Seville Seville, Spain Mudéjar royal palace. Alcázar of Toledo Toledo, Spain Renaissance fortress in Toledo, Spain (16th century CE), with stone and brick. Alhambra Granada, Spain Nasrid palace-fortress in Granada, Spain (13th–14th century CE), with intricate tilework. Alhambra Citadel Granada, Spain Nasrid fortress in Granada, Spain (13th–14th century CE), with stucco and tilework. Badshahi Mosque 1673 CE · Lahore, Pakistan Mughal mosque in Lahore, Pakistan (1673 CE), with red sandstone and marble domes. Ben Youssef Madrasah Marrakesh, Morocco Islamic school in Marrakesh, Morocco (14th century CE), with ornate stucco and tiles. Bibi-Khanym Mosque 1404 · Samarkand, Uzbekistan Mosque in Samarkand, Uzbekistan, 1399–1404. Blue Mosque 1616 CE · Istanbul, Turkey Ottoman mosque in Istanbul, Turkey (1616 CE), with blue tiles and domes. Blue Mosque Mazar Mazar-i-Sharif, Afghanistan Afghan Islamic landmark. Bou Inania Madrasah 1350 CE · Fez, Morocco Islamic school in Fez, Morocco (1350 CE), with tilework and stucco. Córdoba Mosque Islamic architectural masterpiece. Djingareyber Mosque Timbuktu, Mali Mud-brick mosque in Timbuktu, Mali (circa 14th century CE), with wooden supports. Dome of the Rock 691 CE · Jerusalem Islamic shrine in Jerusalem (691 CE), with stone, tiles, and golden dome. El Tajín 1200 CE · Veracruz, Mexico Mesoamerican city in Veracruz, Mexico (600–1200 CE), with stone pyramids and niches. Ertugrul Gazi Mosque 1998 · Turkmen Craftsmen Modern mosque in Ashgabat, Turkmenistan. Great Mosque Kano Hausa Craftsmen Historic mosque in Kano, Nigeria. Great Mosque of Algiers 2020 · Hassan Fathy Modern mosque in Algiers, Algeria, blending Islamic and contemporary design. Great Mosque of Cordoba 784 CE · Cordoba, Spain Islamic mosque in Cordoba, Spain (784 CE), with stone arches and mosaics. Great Mosque of Damascus Damascus, Syria Umayyad Islamic landmark. Great Mosque of Djenné Mali Mud-brick mosque in Mali (circa 13th century CE), with wooden beams and annual repairs. Great Mosque of Kilwa Kilwa, Tanzania Mosque in Kilwa, Tanzania, 11th–14th century. Great Mosque of Riyadh Riyadh, Saudi Arabia Mosque in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 20th century. Great Mosque of Samarra 851 CE · Samarra, Iraq Islamic mosque in Samarra, Iraq (851 CE), with brick and spiral minaret. Hagia Sophia 537 CE · Istanbul, Turkey Byzantine cathedral in Istanbul, Turkey (537 CE), later a mosque, known for its massive dome. Wikipedia Hassan II Mosque 1993 CE · Casablanca, Morocco Modern mosque in Casablanca, Morocco (1993 CE), with concrete and marble. Hassan Tower 1199 CE · Rabat, Morocco Unfinished minaret in Rabat, Morocco (1199 CE), with red sandstone. Hukuru Mosque 1658 · local craftsmen Historic coral stone mosque in Malé, Maldives, a UNESCO site. Imam Mosque 1611 · Safavid craftsmen Majestic mosque in Isfahan, Iran, a Safavid architectural masterpiece. Jama Masjid Delhi 1656 CE · Delhi, India Mughal mosque in Delhi, India (1656 CE), with red sandstone and marble domes. Kilwa Kisiwani Tanzania Swahili coastal city in Tanzania (circa 9th–16th century), with coral stone mosques and palaces. Koutoubia Mosque Marrakesh, Morocco Almohad mosque in Marrakesh, Morocco (12th century CE), with a square minaret. Lahore Fort 1566 CE · Pakistan Mughal fortress in Pakistan (circa 1566 CE), with ornate palaces and mosques. Lamu Mosque Lamu, Kenya Swahili Islamic center. Larabanga Mosque 1421 CE · Ghana Islamic mosque in Ghana (1421 CE), with mud and timber. Mali Mud Mosques Mali Iconic mud-brick religious structures. Masjid Gede Kauman 1773 CE · Yogyakarta, Indonesia Javanese mosque in Yogyakarta, Indonesia (1773 CE), with a tiered timber roof. Mosque of Ujong Aceh, Indonesia Historic mosque in Aceh, Indonesia, an early example of Islamic architecture in Southeast Asia. Mosque-Madrasa of Sultan Hassan 1363 CE · Cairo, Egypt Islamic complex in Cairo, Egypt (1363 CE), with stone and marble. Moti Masjid 1654 CE · Agra, India Mughal mosque in Agra, India (1654 CE), with white marble and delicate arches. Nasir al-Mulk Mosque 1888 CE · Shiraz, Iran Islamic mosque in Shiraz, Iran (1888 CE), with stained glass and tilework. Omdurman Mosque Omdurman, Sudan Islamic mosque in Omdurman, Sudan (19th century CE), with mud-brick and plaster. Ortakoy Mosque 1856 CE · Istanbul, Turkey Ottoman mosque in Istanbul, Turkey (1856 CE), with stone and marble. Putra Mosque 1999 · Putrajaya, Malaysia Modern mosque in Putrajaya, Malaysia (1999), known for its pink granite. Qutub Minar 1193 CE · Delhi, India Indo-Islamic minaret in Delhi, India (1193 CE), with red sandstone and inscriptions. Sancaklar Mosque 2012 · Istanbul, Turkey Modern mosque in Istanbul, Turkey. Sankore Madrasah Timbuktu, Mali Islamic university in Timbuktu, Mali (circa 14th century CE), with mud-brick architecture. Sankore Mosque Timbuktu, Mali Mosque in Timbuktu, Mali, 14th century. Selimiye Mosque 1575 CE · Edirne, Turkey Ottoman mosque in Edirne, Turkey (1575 CE), with a vast dome and slender minarets. Shah Jahan Mosque 1647 · Pakistani craftsmen Historic mosque in Thatta, Pakistan, a Mughal masterpiece. Shah Mosque 1638 CE · Isfahan, Iran Islamic mosque in Isfahan, Iran (completed 1638 CE), a masterpiece of Safavid architecture with vibrant tilework. Sheikh Lotfollah Mosque 1619 CE · Isfahan, Iran Safavid mosque in Isfahan, Iran (1619 CE), with intricate tilework and a private royal dome. Sheikh Zayed Mosque 2007 · Abu Dhabi, UAE Modern mosque in Abu Dhabi, UAE (2007), with white marble and vast courtyards. Sixty Dome Mosque Bagerhat, Bangladesh Historic mosque in Bagerhat, Bangladesh, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Songo Mnara Tanzania Swahili stone town in Tanzania (circa 14th–16th century CE), with coral mosques. Süleymaniye Mosque 1558 CE · Istanbul, Turkey Ottoman mosque in Istanbul, Turkey (1558 CE), with domed structure by Mimar Sinan. Sultan Ahmed Mosque 1616 CE · Istanbul, Turkey Ottoman mosque in Istanbul, Turkey (1616 CE), known for its blue tiles and six minarets. Sultan Hassan Mosque Cairo, Egypt Mamluk architectural masterpiece. Sultan Qaboos Mosque 2001 · Muscat, Oman Modern Islamic landmark. Taj Mahal 1653 CE · Agra, India Mughal mausoleum in Agra, India (1653 CE), with white marble and symmetry. Taj Mahal Hotel 1903 CE · Mumbai, India Historic hotel in Mumbai, India (1903 CE), with stone and steel. Timbuktu Mosques Timbuktu, Mali Islamic mosques in Timbuktu, Mali (14th century CE), with mud-brick and wood. Topkapi Palace 1478 CE · Istanbul, Turkey Ottoman palace in Istanbul, Turkey (1459–1478 CE), with tiled courtyards and pavilions. Umayyad Mosque Damascus, Syria Islamic architectural gem. Vakil Mosque 1773 CE · Shiraz, Iran Islamic mosque in Shiraz, Iran (1773 CE), with tilework and stone. Wakhan Mosques Wakhan Corridor Mosques in Wakhan Corridor, Afghanistan/Tajikistan, traditional. Wazir Khan Mosque 1641 CE · Lahore, Pakistan Mughal mosque in Lahore, Pakistan (1641 CE), with brick and tilework. Zaria Mosque Zaria, Nigeria Mosque in Zaria, Nigeria, 19th century.

Aachen Palace Aachen, Germany Carolingian imperial complex. Abbasid Palace Baghdad, Iraq Palace in Baghdad, Iraq, 8th–13th century. Agra Fort 1573 CE · Agra, India Mughal fortress in Agra, India (1573 CE), with red sandstone and marble. Aït Benhaddou Morocco Moroccan fortified village. Ali Qapu 1597 · Isfahan, Iran Safavid Persian palace. Ali Qapu Palace 1597 CE · Isfahan, Iran Safavid palace in Isfahan, Iran (circa 1597 CE), with a music room and elevated terrace. Amalienburg Palace 1739 · François Cuvilliés Rococo hunting lodge in Munich, Germany. Amarbayasgalant Monastery 1736 CE · Mongolia Buddhist monastery in Mongolia (1736 CE), with Chinese-influenced wooden halls. Amber Fort 1592 CE · Jaipur, India Rajput fortress in Jaipur, India (1592 CE), with sandstone and marble palaces. Amiens Cathedral 1270 CE · Amiens, France Gothic cathedral in Amiens, France (1270 CE), with stone and flying buttresses. Antigua Cathedral Antigua, Guatemala Colonial Guatemalan church. Armenian Churches Armenia Churches in Armenia, 4th century–present. Ashanti Palaces Ashanti Craftsmen Traditional royal residences of the Ashanti people in Ghana, known for cultural significance. Bagsværd Church Copenhagen, Denmark Church in Copenhagen, Denmark, 1976. Bahrain Forts Bahrain Ancient defensive structures. Balmoral Castle Scotland, UK Scottish royal residence. Basilica of Sant'Apollinare in Classe 549 CE · Ravenna, Italy Early Christian basilica in Ravenna, Italy (549 CE), with brick and mosaics. Basilica of Sant’Apollinare Nuovo Ravenna, Italy Byzantine basilica in Ravenna, Italy (6th century CE), with mosaics and marble columns. Basilica Palladiana Vicenza, Italy Renaissance civic hall. Becán 900 CE · Mexico Maya city in Mexico (circa 600–900 CE), with moated fortifications and pyramids. Belvedere Palace 1723 CE · Vienna, Austria Baroque palace in Vienna, Austria (1723 CE), with stone and stucco. Benteng Vredenburg 1765 CE · Yogyakarta, Indonesia Dutch colonial fort in Yogyakarta, Indonesia (1765 CE), with stone and brick. Borgund Stave Church Borgund, Norway Norwegian medieval church. Bridgetown Garrison Bridgetown, Barbados Caribbean colonial fort. Bu Cada Palace West Africa Palace in West Africa, historical. Canterbury Cathedral 1538 CE · England Gothic cathedral in England (circa 1070–1538 CE), a major Christian pilgrimage site. Cappadocia Caves Turkey Rock-hewn dwellings and churches. Carcassonne France Medieval fortified city in France, established c. 5th century. Catherine Palace 1756 CE · Tsarskoye Selo, Russia Baroque palace in Tsarskoye Selo, Russia (1756 CE), with ornate stucco and gold leaf. Changdeokgung Palace 1405 CE · Seoul, South Korea Joseon dynasty palace in Seoul, South Korea (1405 CE), with timber pavilions and gardens. Chartres Cathedral 1250 CE · France Gothic cathedral in France (circa 1194–1250 CE), renowned for its stained glass and flying buttresses. Chehel Sotoun 1647 CE · Isfahan, Iran Safavid palace in Isfahan, Iran (1647 CE), with timber, brick, and frescoes. Chittorgarh Fort Rajasthan, India Rajput fortress in Rajasthan, India (7th–16th century CE), with palaces and temples. Choir of Saint-Denis Saint-Denis, France Basilica in Saint-Denis, France, 12th century. Christus Kirche Windhoek, Namibia Lutheran church in Windhoek, Namibia, built 1910. Church of San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane 1646 CE · Rome, Italy Baroque church in Rome, Italy (1646 CE), with stone and stucco by Borromini. Citadel of Cairo Cairo, Egypt Fortress in Cairo, Egypt, 1176–present. Cliff Palace 1280 CE · Colorado, USA Ancestral Puebloan cliff dwelling in Colorado, USA (1190–1280 CE), with sandstone and mortar. Cluny Abbey France Benedictine monastery in France, founded c. 910. Cologne Cathedral 1248 · Cologne, Germany Gothic German cathedral. Crystal Palace London, UK Exhibition hall in London, UK, 1851. Cusco Cathedral 1654 CE · Cusco, Peru Colonial cathedral in Cusco, Peru (circa 1539–1654 CE), built on Incan foundations with Baroque elements. Dar al-Makhzen Rabat, Morocco Royal palace in Rabat, Morocco, with intricate Islamic tilework. Debre Damo Monastery Ethiopia Aksumite monastery in Ethiopia (circa 6th century CE), with stone and timber structures. Deoksugung Palace 1593 CE · Seoul, South Korea Joseon dynasty palace in Seoul, South Korea (1593 CE), with timber halls and stone walls. Doge’s Palace 1424 CE · Venice, Italy Gothic palace in Venice, Italy (1340–1424 CE), with ornate arches and council chambers. Dolmabahçe Palace Istanbul, Turkey Ottoman imperial residence. Drepung Monastery 1416 CE · Lhasa, Tibet Buddhist monastery in Lhasa, Tibet (1416 CE), with stone and timber structures. Dur Sharrukin Iraq Assyrian capital in Iraq (8th century BCE), with mud-brick palaces and reliefs. Durbar Square Kathmandu, Nepal Royal plaza in Kathmandu, Nepal (circa 12th–18th century CE), with temples and palaces. Durham Cathedral 1133 CE · England Norman cathedral in England (1093–1133 CE), a Romanesque masterpiece. Dzibanche 900 CE · Mexico Maya city in Mexico (circa 200 BCE–900 CE), with stone pyramids and palaces. Ellora Caves 1000 CE · India Rock-cut monastery-temple complex in India (circa 600–1000 CE), with Hindu, Buddhist, and Jain elements. Ely Cathedral 1375 CE · England Norman-Gothic cathedral in England (1083–1375 CE), with an octagonal lantern tower. Erdene Zuu Monastery Mongolia Mongolian Buddhist complex. Escorial Monastery 1584 CE · Madrid, Spain Renaissance monastery in Madrid, Spain (1584 CE), with granite and slate. Fasil Ghebbi Gondar, Ethiopia Royal enclosure in Gondar, Ethiopia (17th century CE), with stone palaces and churches. Fatehpur Sikri 1571 CE · India Mughal city in India (1571 CE), with red sandstone palaces and courtyards. Florence Cathedral 1436 CE · Florence, Italy Gothic cathedral in Florence, Italy (1436 CE), with Brunelleschi’s dome. Florence Cathedral Dome Florence, Italy Renaissance engineering marvel. Forbidden City 1420 CE · Beijing, China Imperial palace in Beijing, China (1420 CE), with timber and marble. Forbidden City Early 1406 · Chinese craftsmen Imperial palace complex in Beijing, China, from the Ming dynasty. Forbidden City Palace 1420 CE · Beijing, China Imperial palace in Beijing, China (1420 CE), with timber halls and courtyards. Fort Aguada 1612 · Goa, India Portuguese colonial fort. Fort Amsterdam New York, USA Fortress in New York, USA, 1625. Fortezza da Basso 1534 · Florence, Italy Renaissance fortress. Galle Fort Galle, Sri Lanka Colonial fortress. Gandan Monastery Mongolia. Overview Gandan Monastery Buddhist monastery in Mongolia. Gandantegchinlen Monastery 1838 CE · Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia Buddhist monastery in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia (1838 CE), with timber and brick. Ganden Monastery 1409 CE · Lhasa, Tibet Tibetan Buddhist monastery in Lhasa, Tibet (1409 CE), with stone and timber. Generalife Granada, Spain Nasrid palace gardens in Granada, Spain (13th century CE), with stucco and tiles. Gesù Church Rome, Italy Baroque Jesuit church. Gidan Rimi Nigeria. Overview Gidan Rimi Traditional Hausa palace in Nigeria. Gloucester Cathedral 1499 CE · England Gothic cathedral in England (circa 1089–1499 CE), known for its fan vaulting and cloisters. Gwalior Fort Gwalior, India Hill fort in Gwalior, India (8th–18th century CE), with stone and tilework. Gyeongbokgung Palace 1395 CE · Seoul, South Korea Joseon dynasty palace in Seoul, South Korea (1395 CE), with wooden pavilions. Hagia Irene Istanbul, Turkey Byzantine church in Istanbul, Turkey (circa 4th century CE), an early example of Christian architecture. Hakka Tulou Reuse Adapted Hakka fortified residences. Hampton Court Palace London, UK Tudor-Baroque palace. Heidelberg Castle Germany Renaissance castle in Germany (circa 14th–17th century CE), with Gothic and Baroque elements. Herat Citadel Safavid craftsmen Historic fortress in Herat, Afghanistan, dating back to 330 BCE. Himeji Castle 1333 CE · Himeji, Japan Japanese castle in Himeji, Japan (1333 CE), with timber and plaster. Hue Citadel 1804 CE · Vietnam Imperial fortress in Vietnam (1804 CE), with stone walls and moats. Hue Imperial City 1833 CE · Vietnam Nguyen dynasty citadel in Vietnam (1804–1833 CE), with palaces and defensive walls. Hwaseong Fortress Suwon, South Korea Fortified complex in Suwon, South Korea, completed 1796. Inveraray Castle 1789 · Argyll, Scotland Historic castle in Argyll, Scotland. Jaisalmer Fort 1156 CE · Rajasthan, India Rajput fortress in Rajasthan, India (1156 CE), with yellow sandstone structures. Karakorum 1260 CE · Mongolia Mongol capital city in Mongolia (circa 1235–1260 CE), with palaces and temples of diverse styles. Kasbah of the Oudaias Rabat, Morocco Fortified citadel in Rabat, Morocco (12th century), with Islamic defensive walls. Kasbah Taourirt Ouarzazate, Morocco Fortress in Ouarzazate, Morocco, 17th century. Kasbah Telouet Morocco Moroccan fortified palace. Keraton Surakarta 1745 CE · Surakarta, Indonesia Javanese palace in Surakarta, Indonesia (1745 CE), with pendopo pavilions and ornate woodwork. Keraton Yogyakarta 1755 CE · Yogyakarta, Indonesia Javanese palace in Yogyakarta, Indonesia (1755 CE), with timber pavilions and courtyards. Khyber Forts Khyber Pass, Pakistan Fortresses in Khyber Pass, Pakistan, historical–present. King’s College Chapel Cambridge, UK Gothic masterpiece. Knanaya Church Kerala, India Syriac Orthodox church in Kerala, India (circa 4th–16th century CE), with timber and stone architecture. Kremlin Moscow, Russia Fortified complex in Moscow, Russia (15th–19th century CE), with brick and limestone. Kuelap Peru Chachapoyas fortress in Peru (circa 6th–16th century CE), with circular stone structures. Kumbhalgarh Fort Rajasthan, India Fortress in Rajasthan, India, 15th century. Kushinagar Monastery Uttar Pradesh, India. Core Characteristics Simple Indian Buddhist retreat. Kyoto Imperial Palace 794 CE · Kyoto, Japan Former imperial residence in Kyoto, Japan (794 CE–present), with timber and tile roofs. Lalibela Ethiopia Ethiopian rock-hewn churches. Lalibela Churches Lalibela, Ethiopia Rock-hewn churches in Lalibela, Ethiopia, 12th–13th century. Lima Cathedral Lima, Peru Colonial Peruvian landmark. Lincoln Cathedral 1311 CE · Lincoln, England Gothic cathedral in Lincoln, England (1311 CE), with stone and ribbed vaults. Lorsch Abbey Lorsch, Germany Monastery in Lorsch, Germany, 8th century. Louvre Palace Paris, France Museum and former palace in Paris, France, 12th century–present. Luba Royal Compounds Central African palaces. Mehrangarh Fort 1459 CE · Jodhpur, India Rajput fortress in Jodhpur, India (1459 CE), with sandstone palaces and defensive walls. Monastery Santa Maria Portugal. Core Characteristics Austere Portuguese Gothic monastery. Mont Saint-Michel Normandy, France Medieval island monastery in Normandy, France (11th century CE), with stone masonry. Montezuma Castle 1400 CE · Arizona, USA Sinagua cliff dwelling in Arizona, USA (circa 1100–1400 CE), with limestone and mud mortar. Mukden Palace 1636 CE · Shenyang, China Qing dynasty palace in Shenyang, China (1625–1636 CE), with Manchurian and Chinese elements. Mwaant Yaav Palace Traditional Congolese palace. Namhansanseong Fortress 1624 CE · South Korea Mountain fortress in South Korea (circa 1624 CE), a UNESCO site with defensive walls. Nijo Castle 1603 CE · Kyoto, Japan Shogunate castle in Kyoto, Japan (1603 CE), with ornate interiors and a nightingale floor. Nimrud Iraq Assyrian city in Iraq (13th–7th century BCE), with mud-brick palaces and reliefs. Norbulingka Palace Lhasa, Tibet Tibetan palace in Lhasa, Tibet (18th century CE), with stone and timber. Norwegian Stave Churches Norway Medieval wooden churches. Notre-Dame 1345 CE · Paris, France Gothic cathedral in Paris, France (1345 CE), with stone and flying buttresses. Notre-Dame de Paris 1345 · Paris, France Gothic French cathedral. Oak Grove Church local craftsmen Historic church in rural USA, reflecting vernacular religious architecture. Oba Palace Ife Ife, Nigeria Yoruba royal residence. Old North Church 1723 · Boston, USA Historic church in Boston, USA, built in 1723. Ollantaytambo Peru Incan fortress and town in Peru (circa 15th century CE), with stone terraces. Orvieto Cathedral 1591 CE · Italy Gothic cathedral in Italy (circa 1290–1591 CE), with ornate facade and frescoes. Osaka Castle 1597 CE · Osaka, Japan Japanese castle in Osaka, Japan (1597 CE), with stone and timber. Pagaruyung Palace Sumatra, Indonesia. Core Characteristics Curved Traditional Minangkabau palace. Palace of Aleppo Aleppo, Syria Islamic historic palace. Palace of Ardashir Fars, Iran Sasanian royal residence. Palace of the Governors 1610 · Santa Fe, USA Colonial American palace. Palace of Versailles 1710 · André Le Nôtre Royal residence in France (1661–1710), a Baroque masterpiece by André Le Nôtre . Palazzo Caprini Rome, Italy Renaissance Italian palace. Palazzo Ducale Venice. Overview Palazzo Ducale Gothic palace in Venice. Palazzo Farnese Rome, Italy Renaissance Italian palace. Palazzo Gondi 1490 · Florence. Overview Palazzo Gondi Renaissance palace in Florence. Palazzo Medici 1444 · Filippo Brunelleschi Renaissance palace in Florence, Italy, symbolizing early modern urban design. Palazzo Medici Riccardi 1444 CE · Florence, Italy Renaissance palace in Florence, Italy (1444 CE), with stone and frescoes. Palazzo Pitti Filippo Brunelleschi Renaissance palace in Florence, Italy. Palazzo Rucellai Florence, Italy Renaissance Florentine palace. Palenque 800 CE · Mexico Maya city in Mexico (circa 600–800 CE), with stone palaces and temples. Palenque Palace Mayan Craftsmen Mayan palace in Chiapas, Mexico. Pantheon Rome Apollodorus of Damascus Ancient Roman temple, now a church, in Rome, Italy. Paoay Church 1710 · Ilocos Norte, Philippines Baroque church in Ilocos Norte, Philippines. Paro Dzong Paro Valley, Bhutan Bhutanese fortress-monastery. Paro Taktsang Paro, Bhutan Bhutanese cliffside monastery. Peterhof Palace 1756 CE · Russia Baroque palace in Russia (1714–1756 CE), with grand fountains and gilded interiors. Phaistos Palace Crete, Greece Minoan palace with complex layout. Pisa Cathedral 1092 CE · Pisa, Italy Romanesque cathedral in Pisa, Italy (1063–1092 CE), with marble facade and bronze doors. Potala Palace 1645 CE · Lhasa, Tibet Buddhist palace in Lhasa, Tibet (1645 CE), a fortress-like structure on a hilltop. Prague Castle Prague, Czech Republic Medieval European fortress. Prague Cathedral Prague, Czech Republic Gothic architectural masterpiece. Punakha Dzong 1638 · Punakha, Bhutan Fortress in Punakha, Bhutan, 1637–1638. Puri Agung Karangasem Balinese craftsmen Royal palace in Bali, Indonesia. Qaitbay Citadel Alexandria, Egypt Fortress in Alexandria, Egypt, built 1477. Qasr Al Hokm Riyadh, Saudi Arabia Saudi historic palace. Rajasthan Forts Rajasthan, India Fortresses in Rajasthan, India, 12th–18th century. Rajgad Fort India. Overview Rajgad Fort Maratha hill fort in India. Ratu Boko Yogyakarta, Indonesia Archaeological site in Yogyakarta, Indonesia (9th century CE), with stone palaces. Ravenna Basilica Ravenna, Italy Byzantine basilica with mosaics. Red Fort 1648 CE · Delhi, India Mughal fortress in Delhi, India (1648 CE), with red sandstone walls and pavilions. Reims Cathedral 1275 CE · Reims, France Gothic cathedral in Reims, France (1275 CE), with intricate stone sculptures and stained glass. Rock-Hewn Churches of Lalibela Ethiopia Monolithic churches in Ethiopia (12th–13th century CE), carved from volcanic rock. Roman Forum Rome, Italy Ancient civic center in Rome, Italy (circa 7th century BCE–5th century CE), with temples and basilicas. Royal Pavilion Brighton 1823 · Brighton, UK Indo-Saracenic palace. Rumicucho Ecuador Incan fortress in Ecuador (circa 15th century CE), with stone walls and terraces. Sacsayhuamán Inca craftsmen Ancient Inca fortress in Cusco, Peru. Sacsayhuaman Fortress Cusco, Peru Incan fortress in Cusco, Peru (circa 15th century), with massive stone walls. Saint Basil’s Cathedral 1561 · Moscow, Russia Cathedral in Moscow, Russia, 1555–1561. Saint Mark’s Basilica 1094 CE · Venice, Italy Byzantine basilica in Venice, Italy (1094 CE), with golden mosaics and domes. Saint Sava Temple Belgrade, Serbia Orthodox church in Belgrade, Serbia, 1935–present. Saint Sophia Cathedral Neo-Byzantine architects Byzantine cathedral in Istanbul, Turkey. Saint Trophime Arles, France Romanesque church in Arles, France, built in the 12th century. Saint-Denis Basilica Saint-Denis, France Gothic architectural pioneer. Sainte-Chapelle 1248 · Paris, France Gothic French chapel. Sakya Monastery 1073 CE · Tibet Buddhist monastery in Tibet (circa 1073 CE), known for its fortress-like walls and vast library. Salisbury Cathedral 1258 CE · Salisbury, England Gothic cathedral in Salisbury, England (1258 CE), with stone and spire. San Agustin Church 1607 CE · Manila, Philippines Baroque church in Manila, Philippines (1607 CE), with stone and coral. San Clemente Rome, Italy Early Christian basilica in Rome, Italy (4th–12th century CE), known for layered construction and preserved frescoes. San Diego Mission California, USA Mission church in California, USA, 1769. San Francisco de Asís Mission 1772 CE · New Mexico, USA Colonial mission church in New Mexico, USA (circa 1772 CE), with adobe architecture. San Lorenzo Basilica Florence, Italy Church in Florence, Italy, 15th century. San Miguel Mission 1610 · Santa Fe, USA Spanish colonial church. San Vitale 547 CE · Ravenna, Italy Byzantine church in Ravenna, Italy (547 CE), with octagonal plan and mosaics. Sanssouci Palace 1747 · Potsdam, Germany Palace in Potsdam, Germany, 1745–1747. Sant’Ivo alla Sapienza 1660 · Rome, Italy Church in Rome, Italy, 1642–1660. Santa Maria del Fiore 1436 CE · Florence, Italy Gothic-Renaissance cathedral in Florence, Italy (1296–1436 CE), with Brunelleschi’s iconic dome. Santa Maria Maggiore Rome, Italy Early Christian basilica. Santa Maria Novella Florence, Italy Renaissance church facade. Saqsayhuaman 1438 CE · Cusco, Peru Incan fortress in Cusco, Peru (circa 1438 CE), with cyclopean stone walls. Schönbrunn Palace 1713 CE · Vienna, Austria Baroque palace in Vienna, Austria (1713 CE), with stone and stucco. Sera Monastery 1419 CE · Lhasa, Tibet Tibetan Buddhist monastery in Lhasa, Tibet (1419 CE), with stone and timber. Seville Cathedral 1528 CE · Seville, Spain Gothic cathedral in Seville, Spain (1528 CE), with stone and flying buttresses. Shaniwar Wada 1732 CE · Pune, India Maratha fort-palace in Pune, India (1732 CE), with stone and timber. Shwe In Bin Monastery Mandalay, Myanmar Traditional Burmese monastery. Siena Cathedral 1263 CE · Siena, Italy Gothic cathedral in Siena, Italy (1215–1263 CE), with marble and mosaics. Sigiriya Sri Lanka Rock fortress in Sri Lanka (5th century CE), with brick and plaster structures. Sistine Chapel Vatican City, Italy Chapel in Vatican City, Italy, 15th century. Speyer Cathedral Speyer, Germany Romanesque German cathedral. St Thomas Cathedral Restoration Mumbai, India Cathedral in Mumbai, India, 1718, restored 2004. St. Basil’s Cathedral 1561 CE · Moscow Russian Orthodox cathedral in Moscow (1561 CE), with colorful onion domes. St. Maria Königin Cologne, Germany Modern German church. St. Paul’s Cathedral 1710 CE · London, England Baroque cathedral in London, England (1675–1710 CE), designed by Christopher Wren with a prominent dome. St. Peter’s Basilica 1626 CE · Vatican City Renaissance basilica in Vatican City (1626 CE), with marble and bronze. St. Stephen’s Cathedral Vienna, Austria Gothic cathedral in Vienna, Austria, completed 1511. St. Thomas Church Kodungallur local craftsmen Historic Christian church in Kerala, India, with colonial influences. Sultanate Palace Banten Banten, Indonesia Royal palace in Banten, Indonesia (circa 16th century), reflecting Islamic and Javanese styles. Summer Palace 1750 CE · Beijing, China Imperial garden in Beijing, China (1750 CE), with timber pavilions and stone bridges. Susa Iran Ancient city in Iran (circa 4th millennium BCE–1st century CE), with Achaemenid palaces and ziggurats. Svetitskhoveli Cathedral Mtskheta, Georgia Georgian Orthodox landmark. Tadao Ando Church Japan Minimalist concrete church in Japan. Taq Kasra Ctesiphon, Iraq Sasanian vaulted palace. Tashilhunpo Monastery 1447 CE · Tibet Buddhist monastery in Tibet (founded 1447 CE), a Gelug school center with grand halls. Tempietto Rome, Italy Chapel in Rome, Italy, 1502. Teruel Cathedral Teruel, Spain Cathedral in Teruel, Spain, 13th–16th century. Thaba Bosiu Sotho Craftsmen Historic fortress in Lesotho, stronghold of the Basotho people. Tikal 900 CE · Guatemala Maya city in Guatemala (circa 200–900 CE), with towering pyramids and palaces. Tokyo Imperial Palace Tokyo, Japan Japanese royal residence. Tower of London London, UK Medieval fortress and palace. Trinity Chapel 1184 · William of Sens Gothic chapel in Canterbury, UK. Tulou Collective Housing Fujian, China Fortified residences in Fujian, China, 12th–20th centuries. Udaipur City Palace Udaipur, India Palace in Udaipur, India, 1559–present. Ushuaia Church local craftsmen Simple church in Ushuaia, Argentina, designed for extreme climates. Venetian Palaces Venetian craftsmen Gothic and Renaissance palaces in Venice, Italy, along the Grand Canal. Venetian Palazzo Iberian craftsmen Renaissance palaces in Venice, Italy, built 13th–17th centuries. Venice Doge’s Palace Venice Gothic palace in Venice. Villa Farnese 1573 · Caprarola, Italy Palace in Caprarola, Italy, 1559–1573. Wells Cathedral 1239 CE · Wells, England Gothic cathedral in Wells, England (1239 CE), with stone and vaulted ceilings. Westminster Abbey 1517 CE · London, England Gothic church in London, England (circa 1245–1517 CE), a coronation and burial site for British monarchs. Wilanów Palace 1696 CE · Warsaw, Poland Baroque palace in Warsaw, Poland (1696 CE), with brick and stucco. Windsor Castle Windsor, UK Royal residence in Windsor, UK, 11th century–present. Winter Palace 1762 Baroque royal10th–11th centuries. Yemrehanna Kristos Ethiopia Rock-hewn church in Ethiopia (circa 11th–12th century), built within a cave with Aksumite influences. York Minster 1472 CE · York, England Gothic cathedral in York, England (1472 CE), with stone and stained glass. Zaya Gegeen Monastery Mongolia Buddhist monastery in Mongolia (17th century CE), with timber and brick.

Aboriginal Wilts Australia Australian indigenous shelters. Acoma Pueblo 1100 CE · New Mexico, USA Puebloan village in New Mexico, USA (circa 1100 CE), with adobe and stone structures. African Round Huts Traditional dwellings across Africa, pre-colonial–present. African Roundhouses Traditional residences across Africa, pre-colonial–present. Ainu Chise Hokkaido, Japan Japanese indigenous dwellings. Al Masmak Fortress 1865 · Middle Eastern craftsmen Historic mud-brick fortress in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, built in 1865. Aleut Settlements Aleutian Islands Indigenous Alaskan dwellings. Algonquin Villages North America Indigenous North American settlements. Algonquin Wigwams North America Traditional indigenous shelters in North America. Amazonian Malocas Amazon Indigenous communal dwellings. Amish Barn USA American vernacular structure. Araucanian Settlements Chile Chilean indigenous villages. Assam Stilt Houses Assam, India Indian flood-resistant homes. Bambara Villages Mali Vernacular settlements of Bambara people in Mali. Betang Houses Borneo Dayak communal longhouses. Betatakin 1300 CE · Arizona, USA Ancestral Puebloan cliff dwelling in Arizona, USA (circa 1250–1300 CE), with sandstone structures. Blackfoot Tipis North America Plains Indian dwellings. Canyon de Chelly 1300 CE · Arizona, USA Ancestral Puebloan cliff dwellings in Arizona, USA (circa 350–1300 CE), with sandstone structures. Chaco Canyon 1250 CE · New Mexico, USA Ancestral Puebloan complex in New Mexico, USA (850–1250 CE), with sandstone masonry. Cherokee Villages Indigenous American settlements. Chetro Ketl 1100 CE · New Mexico, USA Ancestral Puebloan great house in New Mexico, USA (circa 1000–1100 CE), with sandstone masonry. Cozumel Houses Vernacular residences on Cozumel Island, Mexico. Cree Cabins Canada Indigenous Canadian shelters. Cree Tipis Traditional dwellings of Cree people, Canada/USA, pre-colonial. Dahanu Settlements Warli craftsmen Indigenous Warli tribal settlements in Maharashtra, India. Dakota Encampments Indigenous shelters of Dakota people, North America. Dayak Longhouses Dayak craftsmen Communal dwellings of Dayak people in Borneo. Evenki Chums Siberia Indigenous Siberian dwellings. Evenki Settlements Siberia, Russia Indigenous dwellings in Siberia, Russia, using natural materials. Fez Medina Fez, Morocco Historic city in Fez, Morocco (9th century CE), with mud-brick and tilework. Fijian Bure Fiji Traditional huts in Fiji, pre-colonial. Ganondagan Village New York, USA Traditional Seneca longhouses. Guarani Malocas South America South American indigenous dwellings. Guarani Settlements Guarani craftsmen Indigenous communal villages in South America, primarily Paraguay and Brazil. Haida Longhouse British Columbia, Canada Indigenous Canadian dwelling. Haida Longhouses British Columbia, Canada Northwest Coast dwellings. Haida Totem Poles British Columbia, Canada Indigenous cultural markers. Hawikuh Ruins Zuni craftsmen Zuni pueblo in New Mexico, USA. Highland Huts Traditional dwellings in the Scottish Highlands. Hohokam Pithouses 1450 CE · Arizona, USA Indigenous dwellings in Arizona, USA (300–1450 CE), with earth and wood. Hopi Mesas 1100 CE · Arizona, USA Puebloan villages in Arizona, USA (circa 1100 CE–present), with adobe and stone houses. Iban Longhouses Borneo, Malaysia Communal residences in Borneo, Malaysia, traditional–present. Iban Villages Borneo, Malaysia Malaysian longhouse settlements. Ifugao Huts Ifugao, Philippines Traditional homes in Ifugao, Philippines, pre-colonial. Igloo 1000 CE Inuit snow dwelling in Arctic regions (circa 1000 CE–present), with packed snow blocks. Igloo Village Arctic snow dwellings. Inle Lake Villages local craftsmen Floating villages in Myanmar, built on stilts over Inle Lake. Inuit Igloo Snow shelters of Inuit people, Arctic regions, traditional. Inuit Igloos Inuit craftsmen Traditional snow dwellings of the Inuit in Arctic regions. Inuit Igloos Alaska Inuit traditional Traditional snow shelters of Inuit communities in Alaska, USA. Inuit Igloos Canada Inuit traditional Traditional snow structures used by Inuit communities in Arctic Canada. Iroquois Longhouse 1000 CE · North America Indigenous dwelling in North America (circa 1000 CE–present), with timber and bark. Iroquois Longhouses Iroquois craftsmen Traditional communal dwellings of the Iroquois people in North America. Kampong Phluk Cambodia Floating village in Cambodia, known for stilted houses adapting to seasonal flooding. Karen Villages Thailand Vernacular settlements in Thailand, known for stilted bamboo houses. Kasbah Ait Benhaddou Morocco. Core Characteristics Fortified Moroccan mud-brick village. Kazakh Yurts Kazakhstan Nomadic Kazakh dwellings. Keet Seel 1250 CE · Arizona, USA Ancestral Puebloan cliff dwelling in Arizona, USA (circa 1250 CE), with sandstone and mud mortar. Kikuyu Huts Kenya Traditional Kenyan homesteads. Kin Klizhin 1100 CE · New Mexico, USA Ancestral Puebloan great house in New Mexico, USA (circa 1100 CE), with sandstone masonry. Kiva 1300 CE Circular ceremonial structures of the Ancestral Puebloans in the American Southwest (circa 500–1300 CE). Kwakwaka’wakw Totems British Columbia, Canada Indigenous cultural poles. Kyrgyz Yurts Kyrgyz craftsmen Traditional nomadic dwellings in Kyrgyzstan. Lake Titicaca Huts Floating dwellings on Lake Titicaca, Peru/Bolivia, traditional–present. Lakota Tipis Native American dwellings. Lilongwe Village Huts Zulu Craftsmen Traditional dwellings in Lilongwe, Malawi. Luang Prabang Homes Luang Prabang, Laos Lao vernacular residences. Luba Huts DR Congo Central African dwellings. Lunda Chieftain Houses Central Africa Vernacular residences of Lunda people in Central Africa. Maasai Bomas Vernacular settlements of Maasai people in Kenya and Tanzania. Maasai Huts East African vernacular homes. Mae Hong Son Settlements Thailand Thai vernacular villages. Mapuche Rukas Chile Indigenous Chilean dwellings. Marrakech Medina Marrakech, Morocco Historic city in Marrakech, Morocco (11th century CE), with mud-brick and stucco. Meknes Medina Meknes, Morocco Imperial city in Meknes, Morocco (17th century CE), with mud-brick and tilework. Mesa Verde 1300 CE · Colorado, USA Ancestral Puebloan cliff dwellings in Colorado, USA (circa 600–1300 CE), with stone masonry. Micro Hutong Beijing, China Small-scale urban infill in Beijing, China, contemporary. Minahasa Villages Filipino Craftsmen Traditional stilt houses in North Sulawesi, Indonesia. Mongol Yurts Mongol craftsmen Traditional nomadic dwellings in Mongolia. Mud House Delhi Delhi, India Residence in Delhi, India, contemporary. Navajo Hogans USA Indigenous American dwellings. Northern Zambia Settlements African vernacular villages. Nubian Villages Vernacular settlements along the Nile, Sudan and Egypt. Ojibwe Cabins North America Indigenous North American dwellings. Ojibwe Wigwams Ojibwe craftsmen Traditional dwellings of the Ojibwe people in North America. Oraibi Pueblo Arizona, USA Village in Arizona, USA, c. 1100–present. Palawa Shelters Tasmania, Australia Traditional Tasmanian indigenous shelters. Plank House Indigenous dwellings of Northwest Coast, USA/Canada (pre-contact era), with cedar planks. Pueblo Adobe 1500 CE · Southwest USA Ancestral Puebloan dwellings in Southwest USA (circa 1000–1500 CE), with adobe and stone. Pueblo Bonito 1150 CE · New Mexico, USA Ancestral Puebloan great house in New Mexico, USA (circa 850–1150 CE), with sandstone masonry. Pueblo del Arroyo 1250 CE · New Mexico, USA Ancestral Puebloan village in New Mexico, USA (circa 1075–1250 CE), with sandstone masonry. Puebloan Dwellings Adobe cliff and village homes. Pygmy Huts Central Africa Vernacular dwellings of Pygmy peoples in Central Africa. Sahel Dwellings local craftsmen Traditional vernacular homes in the Sahel region of Africa, built for harsh climates. Salish Longhouses North America Indigenous Pacific Northwest dwellings. Santa Fe Houses local craftsmen Adobe residences in New Mexico, USA, blending indigenous and modern styles. Shona Villages Vernacular settlements of Shona people, Zimbabwe. Sioux Tipis Nomadic dwellings of Sioux, North America, pre-colonial–present. Sotho Huts Traditional homes in Lesotho/South Africa, pre-colonial. Sotho Rondavels Sotho craftsmen Traditional circular huts of the Sotho people. Spruce Tree House 1300 CE · Colorado, USA Ancestral Puebloan cliff dwelling in Colorado, USA (circa 1200–1300 CE), with stone rooms. Synagogue of Santa María la Blanca Mudéjar synagogue of Toledo, Spain (c. 1180), a forest of horseshoe columns built by Jewish craftsmen under Christian rule. Taino Huts Indigenous Caribbean dwellings. Taos Pueblo 1450 CE · New Mexico, USA Puebloan village in New Mexico, USA (circa 1000–1450 CE), with adobe structures. Tasmanian Camps Tasmania, Australia Indigenous shelters in Tasmania, Australia, pre-colonial era. Tata Institute of Social Sciences Balkrishna Doshi Academic campus in Mumbai, India, blending modernist and vernacular elements. Tenkodogo Villages Burkina Faso Vernacular settlements in Burkina Faso, known for mud-based architecture. Thai Stilt Houses Thai craftsmen Traditional elevated homes in Thailand, adapted to flooding. Tikuna Huts Traditional dwellings of Tikuna people, Amazon, traditional. Tikuna Villages Vernacular settlements of the Tikuna people in the Amazon, Brazil. Tipi 1000 CE · North America Indigenous conical dwelling in North America (circa 1000 CE–present), with wood and hide. Tlingit Clan Houses Indigenous Northwest Coast homes. Tlingit Villages Alaska, USA Indigenous Alaskan settlements. Toba Villages Sumatra, Indonesia Indonesian vernacular houses. Toraja Tongkonan Sulawesi, Indonesia Indonesian vernacular house. Tswana Rondavels Botswana African vernacular huts. Tukano Villages Amazonian indigenous settlements. Turkmen Yurts Nomadic dwellings of Turkmen people, Central Asia. Tuzigoot 1400 CE · Arizona, USA Ancient Sinagua pueblo in Arizona, USA (circa 1000–1400 CE), known for its hilltop location. Unalaska Villages Alaska, USA. Core Characteristics Semi-subterranean Aleut indigenous settlements. Unangan Barabaras Indigenous Alaskan dwellings. Vietnamese Bamboo Houses Vietnam Vernacular Southeast Asian homes. Vietnamese Stilt Houses Vietnam Residences in Vietnam, traditional–present. Viti Levu Villages Vernacular settlements on Viti Levu, Fiji. Walpi Village Arizona, USA Hopi pueblo in Arizona, USA, built c. 900 AD. Wigwam 1000 CE · North America Indigenous dwelling in North America (circa 1000 CE–present), with wood and bark. Wupatki 1225 CE · Arizona, USA Ancestral Puebloan village in Arizona, USA (1100–1225 CE), with sandstone masonry. Xhosa Rondavels South Africa Traditional South African huts. Yakut Yurts Siberia, Russia Nomadic dwellings of Yakut people in Siberia, Russia. Yakutsk Settlements Siberia, Russia Siberian vernacular villages. Yamana Shelters Indigenous shelters in Tierra del Fuego, Chile. Yanomami Malocas Amazon Amazonian communal dwellings. Zulu Huts South Africa Traditional dwellings in South Africa, pre-colonial–present. Zulu Rondavels South Africa South African vernacular homes. Zuni Pueblo 1100 CE · New Mexico, USA Ancient Native American settlement in New Mexico, USA (circa 1100 CE), known for multistory adobe structures.