Ancient Egypt (Kemet): Pantheon, Monuments & Pharaohs

Ancient Egypt 3100 BC – 30 BC Nile river civilization known for monumental pyramids, pharaohs, and hieroglyphs. Battle of Actium (31 BC) 31 BC Naval victory of Octavian over Mark Antony and Cleopatra that cleared his path to becoming Rome's first emperor. Cleopatra VII 69 BC – 30 BC Last active ruler of the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt, allied with Rome through Caesar and Antony. Coptic Script Alphabet The Greek alphabet extended with seven Demotic letters to write the last stage of ancient Egyptian. Egyptian Hieroglyphs Logographic-alphabetic Formal Egyptian script combining logographic and alphabetic elements, deciphered via the Rosetta Stone. George Washington 1732 – 1799 Commander of the Revolution and first president, who set the precedents of the American republic. Hatshepsut c. 1479 – 1458 BC Female pharaoh of Egypt who ruled in her own name for two prosperous decades. Ramesses II c. 1279 – 1213 BC Pharaoh of the battle of Kadesh and builder of Abu Simbel, who reigned sixty-six years. Saladin 1137 – 1193 Sultan who reunited Egypt and Syria, retook Jerusalem, and became Europe's ideal of the noble enemy.

African Mythologies Tradition The diverse mythological traditions of Africa, from Yoruba orishas to Zulu creation and Egyptian cosmology. Afterlife Concept The existence after death in mythologies like Egyptian and Norse . Amulet Artifact A protective charm in mythologies like Egyptian and Celtic , warding off evil. Ankh Artifact The cross of life in Egyptian mythology, symbolizing immortality and divine protection. Astronomical Tool Artifact Instruments for celestial observation in mythologies like Mayan and Egyptian , tied to cosmology. Book of the Dead Sacred Text Egypt's papyrus guide to the afterlife, the collection of spells the dead needed to reach the Field of Reeds. Coffin Texts Sacred Text The vast funerary corpus of Egypt's Middle Kingdom, painted on coffins to carry the dead through the underworld. Cosmic Balance Concept Equilibrium of forces in mythologies like Chinese and Egyptian , ensuring universal order. Creation from Chaos Concept The emergence of order from chaos in mythologies like Greek and Egyptian . Crown Artifact A symbol of royalty and divine authority in mythologies like Egyptian and Celtic . Cult Vessel Artifact Sacred containers used in rituals across mythologies like Egyptian and Celtic . Death and Rebirth Concept Cyclical transformation in mythologies like Egyptian and Greek . Divine Justice Concept Divine enforcement of moral order in mythologies like Greek and Egyptian . Divine Kingship Concept Rulers with divine legitimacy in mythologies like Egyptian and Japanese . Divine Messengers Concept Beings delivering divine will in mythologies like Greek and Egyptian . Duat Realm / Site Duat Egyptian underworld, realm of the dead. Egyptian Tradition Ancient Egyptian mythology with gods like Ra and Osiris. Eye of Horus Artifact A protective symbol in Egyptian mythology, representing wholeness and divine protection. Fields of Aaru Realm / Site Fields of Aaru Egyptian paradise for righteous souls. Funerary Item Artifact Objects used in burial rituals across mythologies like Egyptian and Chinese , aiding the afterlife journey. Lotuses Artifact Sacred flowers in Indian and Egyptian mythology, symbolizing purity and creation. Magic Concept Supernatural forces or practices in mythologies like Celtic and Egyptian , tied to rituals and power. Perceval Sacred Text Chrétien de Troyes's unfinished romance of Perceval and the Grail, the poem that set the Grail legend in motion. Primordial Waters Concept The chaotic source of creation in mythologies like Mesopotamian and Egyptian . Pyramid Texts Sacred Text The oldest substantial body of religious writing in the world, carved in the pyramids of Egypt's Old Kingdom kings. Ritual Purity Concept Spiritual cleanliness required for rituals in mythologies like Egyptian and Indian . Sacred Animal Concept Animals revered as divine or symbolic in mythologies like Egyptian and Indian , embodying spiritual qualities. Sacred Knowledge Concept Divine or hidden wisdom in mythologies like Egyptian and Indian , often revealed through rituals. Sacred Law Concept Divine rules governing behavior in mythologies like Egyptian and Indian . Sacred Numbers Concept Numbers with spiritual significance in mythologies like Egyptian and Chinese . Sistrum Artifact A musical rattle in Egyptian mythology, used in worship of Hathor, symbolizing joy. Solar Myth Concept Stories centered on the sun in mythologies like Egyptian and Japanese , symbolizing life and power. Staff Artifact A symbol of authority or magic in mythologies like Egyptian and Greek . Symbolic Seal Artifact Objects bearing divine or royal symbols in mythologies like Egyptian and Mesopotamian . Tablet Artifact Inscribed objects bearing divine or sacred knowledge in mythologies like Mesopotamian and Egyptian . Taboo Concept Prohibited actions or objects in mythologies like Polynesian and Egyptian , tied to sacredness. Talisman Artifact An object imbued with protective or magical powers, common in various mythologies like Egyptian and Celtic . Underworld Concept The realm of the dead in mythologies like Greek and Egyptian , tied to death and rebirth. Was Scepter Artifact A symbol of power and dominion in Egyptian mythology, often held by deities and pharaohs.

Anubis Deity The Egyptian jackal-headed god of embalming, who guarded graves, guided the dead and weighed their hearts. Horus Deity Egyptian falcon god of kingship, son of Isis and Osiris, whose eye became the great amulet of protection. Hybrid Creatures Mythic Being Beings combining human and animal traits in mythologies like Greek and Egyptian . Isis Deity The great Egyptian magician and mother, who reassembled Osiris and raised Horus, and whose cult reached the whole Roman world. Osiris Deity Egyptian god of the dead and of resurrection, murdered by Set and revived as judge and hope of every Egyptian. Phoenix Mythic Being Firebird reborn from ashes in Egyptian and Greek myth. Ra Deity The Egyptian sun god, creator and king of the gods, who sailed the sky by day and the underworld by night. Seth Wikidata Q131795 Egyptian god of chaos, storms and the desert, and the killer of Osiris in Egyptian myth. Sphinx Wikidata Q151480 Lion-human hybrid in Egyptian and Greek myth, posing riddles. Underworld Guardians Mythic Being Beings guarding the afterlife in Greek and Egyptian myth.

Ancient Egyptian Era Ancient Egyptian Philosophy in ancient Egypt (c. 2700–332 BCE). Book of the Dead Canon Ancient Egyptian funerary text.

Abu Simbel 1264 BCE · Egypt Rock-cut temples in Egypt (circa 1264 BCE), built under Ramses II with colossal statues. Aksum Obelisk Aksum, Ethiopia Monumental stele in Aksum, Ethiopia (circa 4th century CE), carved from granite. Al-Azhar Mosque Cairo, Egypt Mosque and university in Cairo, Egypt, founded 970. Alexandria Lighthouse Alexandria, Egypt Lighthouse in Alexandria, Egypt, 280 BCE. Amenhotep, Son of Hapu Architect Ancient Egyptian architect (c. 1400 BC), known for monumental religious designs. Ancient Egyptian Period Ancient Egyptian Architectural period from c. 3100–332 BCE, known for monumental stone structures. Ancient Egyptian Regional Style Architecture of Egypt, 3000 BCE–30 BCE. Bent Pyramid 2600 BCE · Dahshur Egyptian pyramid in Dahshur (circa 2600 BCE), with a unique angled design from construction changes. Bibi Ka Maqbara 1660 CE · Aurangabad, India Mughal mausoleum in Aurangabad, India (1660 CE), with marble and plaster. Carlos Raúl Villanueva Architect Venezuelan architect (1900–1975), pioneer of Latin American modernism. Citadel of Cairo Cairo, Egypt Fortress in Cairo, Egypt, 1176–present. Dendera Temple Dendera Ancient Egyptian temple in Dendera (circa 1st century BCE), with sandstone carvings. Edfu Temple 237 · Egypt Ptolemaic temple in Egypt (circa 237–57 BCE), dedicated to Horus with well-preserved reliefs. Egyptian Regional Style Ancient architecture with pyramids and stone temples. Egyptian Architecture Movement Ancient monumental style. Egyptian Craftsmen Architect Ancient monumental builders. Egyptian Revival Style Revival of ancient Egyptian architectural motifs. Great Pyramid of Giza 2600 BCE · Giza Ancient Egyptian pyramid in Giza (circa 2600 BCE), with limestone blocks for Pharaoh Khufu. Hassan Fathy Architect Egyptian vernacular architect. Hassan Fathy Village 1948 · New Gourna, Egypt Settlement in New Gourna, Egypt, 1945–1948. Hatshepsut Mortuary Temple 1470 BCE Ancient Egyptian temple in Deir el-Bahri (1470 BCE), with stone and colonnades. Hesy-Ra Architect Ancient Egyptian architect and physician. Hisham Ashour Architect Egyptian architect (b. 1975), known for sustainable and culturally responsive designs. Imhotep Architect Egyptian architect (fl. late 27th c. BC), designer of the Step Pyramid. Kalabsha Temple Nubia Ancient Egyptian temple in Nubia (30 BCE), with sandstone and reliefs. Karnak Luxor, Egypt Ancient Egyptian temple complex in Luxor, Egypt, dedicated to Amun-Ra. Karnak Temple Luxor, Egypt Ancient Egyptian temple complex in Luxor, Egypt. Kom Ombo Temple 180 · Egypt Ptolemaic temple in Egypt (circa 180–47 BCE), dedicated to Sobek and Horus with symmetrical design. Lisbon Obelisk Lisbon, Portugal Commemorative monument in Lisbon, Portugal. Luxor Temple 1400 BCE · Luxor Ancient Egyptian temple in Luxor (circa 1400 BCE), with colossal statues and colonnades. Mamluk Architecture Movement Islamic style in Egypt and Syria, 13th–16th centuries. Mosque-Madrasa of Sultan Hassan 1363 CE · Cairo, Egypt Islamic complex in Cairo, Egypt (1363 CE), with stone and marble. Neo-Egyptian Movement 19th-century revival of ancient Egyptian architectural styles. Nile Valley Regional Style Architecture with mud-brick villages and ancient temples. Nubian Villages Monument Vernacular settlements along the Nile, Sudan and Egypt. Obelisk Element Monumental stone pillar. Paris Opéra Garnier 1875 · Paris, France Opera house in Paris, France, 1861–1875. Philae Temple 300 CE · Aswan Ancient Egyptian temple in Aswan (circa 280 BCE–300 CE), relocated to Agilkia Island. Ptolemaic Period Ptolemaic Egyptian-Greek architecture from 305–30 BCE. Pylon Element Monumental gateway structure. Pyramids of Giza Imhotep Ancient Egyptian monumental tombs, including the Great Pyramid, built c. 2630 BCE. Qaitbay Citadel Alexandria, Egypt Fortress in Alexandria, Egypt, built 1477. Red Pyramid 2600 BCE · Dahshur Ancient Egyptian pyramid in Dahshur (circa 2600 BCE), with red limestone casing. Saqqara Step Pyramid 2630 BCE · Saqqara Ancient Egyptian pyramid in Saqqara (circa 2630 BCE), with limestone by Imhotep. Temple of Horus 237 · Edfu, Egypt Ancient Egyptian temple with Ptolemaic design. Temple of Karnak 2055 BCE · Luxor Ancient Egyptian temple complex in Luxor (circa 2055 BCE–100 CE), with massive columns. Valley of the Kings 1500 BCE Ancient Egyptian tombs near Luxor (circa 1500 BCE), with rock-cut chambers. Valley of the Queens Ancient Egyptian tombs. Washington Monument 1884 · Washington, D.C. Neoclassical obelisk.