Down Quark

Second-lightest quark, forming nucleons alongside up quarks.

Core Principles & Analysis

• Carries an electric charge of −1/3 e.
• Its slightly greater mass makes the neutron heavier than the proton.
• Never observed in isolation due to color confinement.

Specifications & Metrics

• MASS: 4.7 ± 0.07 MeV/c²
• SPIN: 1/2
• SYMBOL: d
• PDG ID: Q001
• PDG EDITION: PDG 2026
• CHARGE: −1/3 e

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