Electron

Subatomic particle with a negative elementary electric charge, orbiting atomic nuclei and carrying electric current.

Core Principles & Analysis

• Discovered by J. J. Thomson in 1897 through cathode ray experiments.
• Carries one negative elementary charge of 1.602 × 10⁻¹⁹ coulombs.
• Its magnetic moment is measured to about one part in 10¹³, in precise agreement with quantum electrodynamics.

Specifications & Metrics

• MASS: 0.51099895069 ± 1.6 × 10⁻¹⁰ MeV/c²
• SPIN: 1/2
• SYMBOL: e⁻
• PDG ID: S003
• PDG EDITION: PDG 2026
• CHARGE: −1 e

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