Pauli Exclusion Principle

No two identical fermions may occupy the same quantum state — the rule giving atoms structure and stars stiffness.

Core Principles & Analysis

• Wolfgang Pauli formulated it in 1925 and received the Nobel Prize for it in 1945.
• It forces electrons into successive shells, producing the entire structure of the periodic table.
• Degeneracy pressure from exclusion is what holds up white dwarfs and neutron stars against gravity.

Specifications & Metrics

• SYMBOL: ψ(1,2) = −ψ(2,1)