Category: endocrine_axis
Gut + pancreatic + hypothalamic peptide hormones with diverse signaling. Somatostatin (SST) inhibits growth-hormone release + multiple GI secretions; therapeutic analogs (octreotide, lanreotide) for acromegaly + neuroendocrine tumors (carcinoid, VIPoma, glucagonoma) + variceal bleeding. VIP (vasoactive intestinal peptide) → vasodilation + intestinal secretion + bronchodilation. CCK → gallbladder contraction + pancreatic secretion + satiety. Secretin → pancreatic bicarbonate release. Glucagon (α-cell) opposes insulin → hepatic gluconeogenesis + glycogenolysis; clinical glucagon kit for severe hypoglycemia + β-blocker poisoning. Pramlintide is an amylin (IAPP) analog co-secreted with insulin; SC pre-meal injection for type 1 + insulin-treated type 2 diabetes (slows gastric emptying + suppresses glucagon). Retatrutide is a triple GLP-1/GIP/glucagon agonist in late-stage weight-loss trials.