Rutinoside (rhamnose-glucose) of the flavanone hesperetin. Cannot be absorbed intact — colonic microbial α-rhamnosidase + β-glucosidase cleave the sugar moieties, liberating hesperetin aglycone that is then glucuronidated in the enterocyte/liver and enters systemic circulation as conjugates (Tmax 5–7 h). Endothelium-directed effects are mediated by hesperetin conjugates: eNOS upregulation, lower ICAM-1/VCAM-1, modestly improved FMD in RCTs (Cochrane 2019).
Half-Life (t½)
PO: 8h
Dosing Guidelines
PO: Typical 500 mg (Range: 500–500 mg)
Target Organ Systems
cardiovascular
digestive
Interactions
Naringenin (synergistic): Same citrus-flavanone class; complementary in the citrus fruit matrix.