Air Gapping

Isolating critical systems from networks entirely — a moat that USB sticks still swim.

Core Principles & Analysis

• Industrial control, military, and voting systems use physical isolation as the last defense.
• Stuxnet famously crossed an air gap on removable media to reach Iranian centrifuges.
• Researchers exfiltrate across gaps with acoustics, blinking LEDs, and power-line emanations — slowly.