Max Planck

Originated quantum theory by discovering energy quanta ($E=hf$).

Core Principles & Analysis

• Introduced energy quanta in 1900 to resolve the black-body radiation problem.
• Received the 1918 Nobel Prize in Physics for the discovery of energy quanta.
• Planck's constant $h$ has fixed the SI definition of the kilogram since 2019.

Specifications & Metrics

• ERA: 1858 – 1947