Ludwig van Beethoven

Transitional giant between Classical and Romantic symphonic eras who composed while progressively deaf.

Core Principles & Analysis

• Composed 9 symphonies, 32 piano sonatas, and 16 string quartets.
• Continued composing masterworks after losing his hearing completely.
• Expanded orchestral scale and emotional range.

Specifications & Metrics

• ERA: 1770 – 1827