Nucleic Acids & RNA Systems — Human Registry

Messenger RNA (mRNA) The transient coding transcript that carries genetic blueprints from chromosomal DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome for protein synthesis. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) The structural and catalytic core of the ribosome, accounting for roughly 80% of total cellular RNA by mass. Transfer RNA (tRNA) The physical adaptor molecule of the genetic code, matching three-nucleotide codons on messenger RNA to their corresponding amino acids inside the…

Long Non-Coding RNA (lncRNA) Non-coding RNA transcripts longer than 200 nucleotides that lack productive open reading frames yet fold into modular secondary and tertiary domains… MicroRNA (miRNA) Endogenous single-stranded non-coding RNAs of roughly 21 to 23 nucleotides that fine-tune post-transcriptional gene expression across the human… Small Interfering RNA (siRNA) Short double-stranded RNA duplexes of 20 to 25 nucleotides that program the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) to cleave and destroy perfectly… Small Nuclear RNA (snRNA) Uridine-rich non-coding RNAs of 100 to 300 nucleotides confined to the nucleus, where they assemble with Sm or LSm proteins into small nuclear… Small Nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) Conserved non-coding guide RNAs of 60 to 300 nucleotides concentrated in the nucleolus inside the nucleus, where they direct site-specific chemical…

Antisense Oligonucleotide (ASO) Synthetic, chemically modified single-stranded nucleic acid polymers of 15 to 25 nucleotides engineered to hybridize by Watson–Crick base-pairing to… CRISPR-Cas9 An RNA-guided DNA endonuclease complex derived from the adaptive immune system of bacteria and archaea, repurposed into a programmable genome-editing… Guide RNA (gRNA) The programmable RNA component that directs CRISPR-Cas9 and related Cas nucleases to a specific genomic DNA or mRNA target via Watson–Crick… Ribozyme Catalytic RNA molecules that accelerate chemical reactions — chiefly phosphodiester bond cleavage, ligation, and peptide bond synthesis — without…