Sumer

Earliest known civilization in southern Mesopotamia, inventors of cuneiform writing.

Core Principles & Analysis

• Developed cuneiform writing on clay tablets around 3200 BC.
• City-states like Ur and Uruk were ruled by kings and dedicated to patron gods.
• Produced the Epic of Gilgamesh, among the oldest surviving works of literature.

Specifications & Metrics

• ERA: 4500 BC – 1900 BC
• REGION: Near East