Grain-oriented electrical steel, proposed by Norman P. Goss, raises flux density about 30% in the coil rolling direction.
Relative permeability spans 4,000–38,000 while hysteresis loss runs about 2–10 W/kg at 60 Hz and 1.5 T, kept low by silicon additions that raise resistivity about fivefold.
Grain-oriented grades power large power and distribution transformers and audio output transformers; amorphous-metal transformer cores can cut core losses by up to 70%.